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Questions and Answers
Who discovered the reflex character of the activity of the higher departments of the brain?
Who discovered the reflex character of the activity of the higher departments of the brain?
The basis for higher nervous activity is...
The basis for higher nervous activity is...
A reflex which appears during evolution and is hereditarily fixed is called...
A reflex which appears during evolution and is hereditarily fixed is called...
A reflex which appears during ontogenesis under the condition of a numerous combination of an unconditioned stimulus with an indifferent signal is called...
A reflex which appears during ontogenesis under the condition of a numerous combination of an unconditioned stimulus with an indifferent signal is called...
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The total sum of the most complex unconditioned reflexes is called...
The total sum of the most complex unconditioned reflexes is called...
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Unconditioned reflexes are...
Unconditioned reflexes are...
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Conditioned reflexes are...
Conditioned reflexes are...
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To develop a conditioned reflex, basically, it is necessary, that...
To develop a conditioned reflex, basically, it is necessary, that...
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The participation of the cerebral cortex is necessary for the formation of...
The participation of the cerebral cortex is necessary for the formation of...
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The connection between the cortical centers of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes is called...
The connection between the cortical centers of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes is called...
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Study Notes
Reflexes
- IP Pavlov and IM Sechenov discovered the reflex character of higher brain activity.
- Conditioned reflexes are acquired, temporary, and individual, formed during ontogenesis through the combination of an unconditional stimulus with an indifferent signal.
- Unconditioned reflexes are innate, constant, and specific, appearing during evolution and hereditarily fixed.
Reflex Classification
- Unconditioned reflexes: innate, constant, specific; examples include pupillary light reflex, ocular-cardiac reflex, and pupillary narrowing under the effect of light.
- Conditioned reflexes: acquired, temporary, individual; examples include salivary secretion in a hungry person caused by food images and the reflex of tachypnea in runners before the start.
Inhibition
- External inhibition: congenital, disappears unconditional and conditioned reflexes without preliminary development.
- Conditioned inhibition: arising in nerve centers of conditioned reflexes, demands preliminary development.
- Types of inhibition: external, conditioned, fading brake, protective, differentiating, and lagging.
Brain Function and Higher Nervous Activity
- The left part of the brain dominates in speech, writing, and calculation.
- The right part of the brain dominates in analysis and synthesis of the first signaling system.
- I.P. Pavlov distinguished four types of higher nervous activity: strong, unbalanced, impatient; strong, balanced, mobile; strong, balanced, inert; and weak.
- Hippocrates classified temperaments as choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic, corresponding to Pavlov's types.
Sleep and EEG Rhythms
- Sleep is a sum of functional conditions of the CNS, characterized by decreased responsiveness to external stimuli.
- EEG rhythms:
- Beta: active wakefulness
- Alpha: quiet wakefulness
- Delta: deep sleep
- Biological value of fast sleep: processing and keeping of information in long-term memory, restoration of mental processes.
- Dreams occur during the phase of fast sleep.
Memory
- Short-term memory: has a small volume of 7±2 units.
- Long-term memory: provides long storage and reproduction of information.
Emotions
- Structures directly participating in emotion formation: hypothalamic structures, cerebral cortex, limbic system.
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Description
Quiz on the basics of higher nervous activity, including reflexes and their characteristics. Explore the concepts of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
