Psychology and the Nervous System Overview

The two main components of the nervous system are the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The spinal cord connects the brain to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The nervous system takes in information, processes it, and sends commands back to the body tissue.

<p>Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four goals of psychology in eLearning are to explain, predict, describe, and improve behavior and experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive psychology aims to describe behaviors and experiences related to mental processes, such as perception and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which process and relay information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive psychology informs eLearning by providing insights into how people learn and process information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frontal lobe is responsible for motor control and higher cognitive abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parietal lobe is involved in processing sensations such as touch, pain, temperature, and spatial perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light colors can make a small apartment appear larger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory qualities are developed to create a pleasant environment for astronauts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colors communicate unconscious associations and enhance recognition value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temporal lobe is involved in auditory processing and speech comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning results in a consistent change in behavior based on experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main divisions of the nervous system are the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary activity, while the autonomic nervous system oversees involuntary functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviorism emphasizes observable behavior rather than introspection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic part prepares the body for emergency situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning associates stimuli, while operant conditioning involves reinforcement of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social learning occurs through observation and imitation of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parasympathetic part promotes relaxation and conservation of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colors can add significant emotional impact and influence consumer behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skinner aimed to investigate how environmental conditions influence the probability of reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The likelihood of a behavior being repeated is determined by the consequences of that behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive reinforcement increases the response rate by providing a pleasant stimulus after the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative reinforcement leads to an increase in escape behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skinner measured the frequency of behavior by tracking how often a subject performed a specific action over a period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant conditioning involves learning processes where the consequences depend on the execution of a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consequences play a crucial role by either reinforcing desired behaviors or punishing undesired ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of negative reinforcement is a child cleaning their room to avoid being scolded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observational learning is the process of acquiring new behaviors by watching others being reinforced or punished, without performing the behavior themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectations play a crucial role as learners anticipate that mimicking a model's behavior will yield similar reinforcement or avoidance of punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bobo Doll experiment showed that children who observed aggressive behavior toward the doll were likely to imitate that behavior themselves when given the opportunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both antisocial (aggressive) and prosocial behaviors can be learned through observational learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors such as perceived reinforcement of the model's behavior, and the model being seen as positive, respected, or similar to the observer can enhance influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observational learning can help individuals, such as children learning from siblings or new employees training from experienced colleagues, to acquire beneficial skills and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A risk of observational learning is that individuals may imitate problematic models and adopt harmful or aggressive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social learning theories suggest that educators and parents should model positive behaviors and acknowledge reinforcement to guide children's behavior effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heuristics are rules of thumb used for forming opinions that simplify decision-making and reduce cognitive load.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primacy effect leads to an overweighting of information presented first, while the recency effect causes an overweighting of the most recently presented information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The availability heuristic refers to a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic or decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overconfidence bias is the tendency for individuals to overestimate their knowledge, abilities, or the accuracy of their information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Follow-the-majority' heuristic involves basing decisions on the opinions or behaviors of the larger group rather than independent thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anchor heuristic is a cognitive bias where individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the anchor) when making decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hindsight bias is the tendency for individuals to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Daniel Kahneman's work primarily focuses on how people use heuristics in decision-making often leading to errors and biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of mental processes, including perception, attention, memory, language, and thought.

The network of nerve cells that transmits information throughout the body, responsible for processing and responding to stimuli.

The brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and sending commands.

All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

The function of the nervous system is to receive and process information, make decisions, and send commands back to the body.

The four main goals of psychology are to explain, predict, describe, and improve human behavior and experiences.

It involves mapping how eLearning behaviors and experiences relate to learning outcomes.

Using insights from psychology to enhance the design, delivery, and effectiveness of eLearning.

How an organism learns from its experiences in the environment, leading to a consistent and lasting change in behavior or potential behavior.

A school of thought in psychology that emphasizes observable behavior and rejects introspection as a method of studying the mind.

A key principle of learning where an organism learns to associate two stimuli, one neutral and the other eliciting a response.

A learning process where the consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood of its repetition.

Learning through observation and imitation of others' behaviors, often influenced by social factors.

The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information gained through experience.

The act of transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored and processed in the brain.

The process of maintaining encoded information in our brains over time, allowing us to retrieve it later.

The process of learning through associating behaviors with their consequences, where actions are more likely to be repeated if they lead to positive outcomes and less likely if they lead to negative outcomes.

A controlled environment used by B. F. Skinner to investigate the effects of reinforcement on animal behavior.

A stimulus that increases the probability of a behavior occurring again in the future.

A type of reinforcement where a pleasant stimulus is presented after a desired behavior, making it more likely to occur again.

A type of reinforcement where an aversive stimulus is removed after a desired behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

A stimulus that decreases the probability of a behavior occurring again.

A type of punishment where an aversive stimulus is applied after an undesired behavior, making it less likely to occur again.

A type of punishment where a pleasant stimulus is removed after an undesired behavior, decreasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Simple rules of thumb used to make quick judgments and decisions, often based on limited information. They help simplify complex problems but can lead to systematic errors.

The tendency to overemphasize the first piece of information encountered, making it more influential in judgment.

The tendency to give more weight to the most recent information presented, even if it contradicts earlier information.

A heuristic where a judgment is made based on how easily examples come to mind. If something is easily recalled, it's assumed to be more common or probable.

A heuristic that makes judgments based on how well something fits a prototype or a previously formed mental representation.

A heuristic that uses the first piece of information encountered as an anchor, adjusting from it, even if the anchor is inaccurate.

A heuristic strongly influenced by the outcome of past events. This can distort our understanding of the likelihood of future events.

A heuristic that overestimates one's knowledge or ability to predict accurately.

The part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions like planning, decision-making, and language. It also controls voluntary movements.

Processes sensations like touch, pain, and temperature. It also plays a role in spatial awareness and navigation.

Responsible for processing visual information from the eyes, helping us see the world around us.

Processes auditory information, including speech, music, and other sounds. Plays a crucial role in language comprehension.

The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for sending signals throughout the body.

Controls voluntary movements, like walking or writing, by sending signals from the brain to skeletal muscles.

Regulates unconscious bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. It operates automatically without conscious effort.

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the "fight or flight" response. It kicks in during stressful situations, increasing heart rate, breathing, and adrenaline.

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for "rest and digest" functions. It slows down heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and promotes relaxation.

Learning by observing the behavior of another person being reinforced or punished without personally performing the action.

A classic experiment by Bandura that demonstrated how children can learn aggressive behaviors by observing an adult model.

The influence of a model's behavior on an observer's behavior is greater when the observed action leads to perceived rewards.

People are more likely to imitate a model they perceive as positive, popular or respected.

People are more prone to mimic the behaviors of models they perceive as similar to themselves in terms of traits or characteristics.

Learning in a social context occurs when individuals observe others being rewarded or punished for their behavior. This influences the observer's future actions.

Traditional conditioning theories do not account for learning that occurs through observation without direct reinforcement or active learner responses.

The expectation of receiving a reinforcement or avoiding punishment by mimicking the observed behavior plays a crucial role in social learning.