Psychology Group Dynamics and Leadership Styles
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Questions and Answers

What did the Milgram Experiment primarily test?

  • People's ability to resist authority. (correct)
  • The prevalence of bilateral power tactics.
  • The influence of charisma in leadership.
  • The effects of reward and punishment.

Which of the following is NOT considered a source of social power?

  • Emotional intelligence. (correct)
  • Expertise.
  • Control over rewards and punishment.
  • Attractiveness.

What relationship did Milgram's studies suggest regarding obedience?

  • Obedience is influenced solely by charisma.
  • Obedience is only found in military settings.
  • Obedience increases with the legitimacy of authority. (correct)
  • Obedience is rare in organized groups.

Which type of power is derived from control over information needed by group members?

<p>Informational power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hard tactics in power dynamics?

<p>They often involve coercion or force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes bilateral power tactics?

<p>Both parties engage in discussion and agreement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes legitimate power?

<p>Power recognized by the group as rightful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about leaders and those with power?

<p>All power holders are effective leaders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personal characteristics are linked to the likelihood of individuals striving for power?

<p>Social dominance orientation and need for power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leadership focuses primarily on team dynamics and relationship building?

<p>Relationship leadership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between age and leadership emergence?

<p>Leaders tend to be older than average group members (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key factor that prejudices against ethnic minorities and women in leadership roles?

<p>Bias against these groups in leadership selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of follower is characterized by independence and critical thinking, often questioning the leader's direction?

<p>Alienated follower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about leaders concerning their differences?

<p>All leaders make a significant impact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Lucifer Effect' typically refer to in a leadership context?

<p>The capacity of individuals to exhibit evil under certain conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is associated with a lack of guidance and minimal involvement in decision making?

<p>Laissez-faire leadership (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Milgram Experiment

A study on obedience, where participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to others, exploring factors influencing obedience to authority.

Power Bases

Sources of influence in a group; control over rewards/punishments, authority, attractiveness, expertise, and information.

Reward Power

Power derived from the ability to give positive incentives.

Coercive Power

Power based on the ability to administer punishment.

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Legitimate Power

Power based on a formal position or role.

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Referent Power

Power stemming from personal attraction and respect.

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Expert Power

Power derived from knowledge or skills.

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Informational Power

Power based on control over information.

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Soft Power Tactics

Influence strategies focusing on persuasion, building rapport, and cooperation.

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Hard Power Tactics

Influencing strategies using demands, threats, or punishments.

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Rational Power Tactics

Strategies using logic, reason, and evidence to achieve acceptance.

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Nonrational Power Tactics

Strategies that involve emotional appeals or manipulation.

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Unilateral Power Tactics

Strategies that involve making decisions without input from others.

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Bilateral Power Tactics

Strategies that involve collaboration and negotiation.

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Social Dominance Orientation

A personality characteristic that predicts a person's likelihood to strive for power and dominance over others.

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Interpersonal Complementarity Hypothesis

Suggests that leaders and followers can work together through complementary behaviours.

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Lucifer Effect

Describes how seemingly normal people can turn into evil individuals under particular conditions.

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Agentic State

A psychological state where individuals feel obligated to obey authority figures, even if their actions are morally questionable.

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Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A persuasion tactic where a small request is made initially to gain compliance, leading to larger requests later.

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Myths about Leadership (Power)

The misconception that leadership is necessarily about power.

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Is Leadership power?

Leadership isn't solely about power but involves many aspects crucial for guiding a group.

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Are leaders born or made?

Leadership skills can be learned and developed; they are not solely inherent traits.

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Do all groups have leaders?

Not all groups need or have designated leaders; some operate effectively without formal leadership.

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Romance of Leadership

The tendency to overestimate the influence of leaders on group outcomes and understate other factors.

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Task Leadership

Focuses on achieving specific objectives and completing tasks efficiently.

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Relationship Leadership

Prioritizes building positive relationships, creating collaboration, and fostering emotional connections within a group.

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Transformational Leadership

Leadership style that inspires and motivates followers to achieve extraordinary results, often emphasizing change.

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Gender Differences in Leadership

Preconceived notions, biases, and societal expectations may influence the perception and identification of female or minority leaders.

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Aristocratic/Authoritarian Leaders

Leaders who exert considerable control and make decisions unilaterally, without much consultation.

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Laizze Faire/Passive Leaders

Leadership style that involves minimal intervention and delegation to team members.

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Democratic/Authoritative leaders

Leaders who actively involve followers in decision-making processes, aiming for consensus.

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Conformist Follower

Tend to blindly agree with leaders and the group, without questioning, whether or not it is healthy or efficient.

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Passive Follower

Followers who take little initiative and often wait for direction and instructions from leaders.

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Pragmatic Follower

Followers who prioritize practical goals and assess decisions’ feasibility.

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Alienated Follower

Followers who feel dissatisfied with the group and leaders' direction.

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Exemplar Follower

Followers who actively support leaders and the group in a positive manner.

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Leadership Emergence

Process of individuals rising to leadership positions within a group.

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Great Leader Theory

The belief that leaders possess unique characteristics that make them exceptionally effective regardless of the situation.

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Zeitgeist Theory

Leaders' positions are a product of their time and context.

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Personality Traits

Individual characteristics that contribute to leadership, like extraversion or conscientiousness.

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Intelligence

Mental capacity that can play a role in leadership ability and problem-solving.

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Expertise

Specialized knowledge and skills that contribute to a person's ability to lead and make effective decisions.

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Level of Participation

The degree to which individuals actively engage in group activities or discussions.

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Demographic Variables

Factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, and height that might correlate with leadership opportunities.

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Study Notes

Group Dynamics

  • Individuals in groups accept leadership direction implicitly
  • Individuals feel less responsible in a group setting

Social Power

  • The capacity to influence others, even against resistance
  • The Milgram experiment demonstrated the power of authority
    • Subjects continued administering shocks despite distress, to obey the experimenter.
  • Factors affecting obedience:
    • Victim proximity
    • Experiment location prestige
    • Experiment's authority figure presence
    • Surveillance
  • Power sources include control over rewards/punishments, authority, attractiveness, and information access.

Leadership Styles

  • Reward: Controlling allocation of rewards to influence others
  • Coercive: Threatening or punishing to influence others
  • Legitimate: Authority based on formal rights and rules (e.g., CEO, government officials).
  • Referent: Based on identification with, attraction to another (e.g., celebrity)
  • Expert: Based on perceived skills/abilities of the powerholder (e.g., medical doctor)
  • Informational: Controlling and delivering information to influence
  • Unilateral and Bilateral (Unilateral does not require cooperation, bilateral includes negotiation)

Power Tactics

  • Soft: Utilizing relationships between participants to get cooperation
  • Hard: Direct or harsh methods to get compliance (e.g., embarrassment, exclusion)
  • Rational: Emphasizing logic, persuasion, and good judgment
  • Nonrational: Using emotions or misinformation
  • Leaders need not control all group actions, however if they do it defines a sick group

Leadership Roles

  • Charismatic leaders exhibit exceptional abilities & qualities
  • Different types lead to effective followership

Followership

  • Individuals exhibit different traits (conformist, passive, pragmatic, alienated, exemplar)
  • Interaction with the leader affects the outcome
  • The ideal follower adapts to the different leadership styles, and leadership styles are needed in different situations/circumstances

Leadership Emergence

  • Process where someone becomes a leader (formally or informally)
  • Some people naturally better at this, like those able to perceive group needs and desires.

Leadership Theories

  • Implicit Leadership Theory: Our preconceived notions about what leaders should be like.
  • Social Identity Theory: Leaders tend to match a shared identity's characteristics.
  • Social Role Theory: Leadership and roles are based on societal expectations for men and women
  • Terror Management Theory: Related to human survival instincts
  • Evolutionary Theory: Successful leadership as a survival strategy
  • Fiedler's Contingency Theory: Leadership effectiveness depends on the match between the leader's style and the situation.

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Description

This quiz explores the intricate dynamics of group behavior, the concept of social power, and various leadership styles. Delve into the factors affecting obedience, as well as the implications of leadership decisions on group members. Understand how authority and power can shape group interactions and individual responsibilities.

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