Psychology Group Development and Attachment Theory
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Questions and Answers

What is NOT considered a group category in this context?

  • Task Group
  • Loose Association
  • Individual (correct)
  • Social Category

    • Higher levels of interaction within a group are positively correlated with a strong sense of connectedness.

    True (A)

    According to Nijstad (2020), what are two primary sociobiological reasons for forming and joining groups?

    Self-preservation and attachment (need to belong)

    The ______ stage in Tuckman's group development model is characterized by group members resisting influences and expressing disagreements.

    <p>Storming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the group development stage with its primary characteristic according to Tuckman's model:

    <p>Forming = Group members get to know each other, high levels of uncertainty Storming = Group members resist influences, disagreement Norming = Group members share a common purpose, establish norms and roles Performing = Group members work together towards their goal, high levels of efficiency Adjourning = Group members leave the group, feelings of accomplishment or failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to attachment theory, what kind of parental behavior leads to a positive self-concept in a child?

    <p>Consistent, responsive behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Harlow's monkey experiment demonstrated the importance of physical contact and comfort in infant development.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'secure base' in attachment theory?

    <p>A secure base is represented by an attachment figure, like a parent, whom an infant feels safe and secure enough to explore their environment from.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before Attachment theory, Harlow's experiments with monkeys in 1958 highlighted the importance of _______ and ______ for infant development.

    <p>physical contact, comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts to their definitions:

    <p>Attachment = An emotional bond between a child and their caregiver that helps ensure survival. Secure base = A place of safety provided by an attachment figure, allowing exploration. Responsiveness = Sensitive behavior that attends to a child's needs, contributing to their sense of security. Social comparison = Evaluating oneself by comparing to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of self, as described in the content?

    <p>Reflective self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'self-assessment motive' is driven by a desire to maintain a positive self-image.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the unconscious bias that leads people to prefer enhanced images of themselves?

    <p>Enhancement bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study by Epley/Whitchurch (2008) found that participants were more likely to choose ______ versions of themselves as looking the most like them.

    <p>enhanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of self with its corresponding motivational function:

    <p>Actual self = Motivates us to avoid negative outcomes Ideal self = Motivates us to work actively to achieve goals and aspirations Ought self = Motivates us to avoid negative outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential affective consequence of a discrepancy between the actual and ideal self?

    <p>Anxiety/Fear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The self-enhancement motive is primarily driven by a desire to fulfill the need for self-esteem and protect the self from negative information.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ motive is the striving to reach an accurate and objective understanding of the self.

    <p>self-assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the motivation to affirm strongly held self-beliefs, even if they are not entirely accurate?

    <p>Self-verification motive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between global self-esteem and specific life domains?

    <p>Global self-esteem influences how we feel about specific life domains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these components is NOT part of the multicomponent model of attitudes?

    <p>Social (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inconsistent attitudes are less stable and therefore easier to influence.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide an example of an inconsistency within the cognitive component of an attitude.

    <p>Knowing that fast fashion is harmful to the environment, but also believing that buying clothes from a particular brand supports local jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ component of attitudes refers to the feelings or emotions associated with an attitude object.

    <p>affective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the attitude component with its corresponding example:

    <p>Cognitive = Feeling happy when wearing a favorite piece of clothing Affective = Knowing that recycling helps the environment Behavioral = Choosing to buy organic fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios exemplifies an inconsistency between the cognitive and behavioral components of an attitude?

    <p>Knowing that smoking is harmful but continuing to smoke (A), Believing that healthy eating is important but choosing to eat fast food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The multicomponent model of attitudes suggests that attitudes are always consistent and homogeneous.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what is meant by 'consistent or homogeneous attitude' in the context of the multicomponent model of attitudes.

    <p>A consistent or homogeneous attitude occurs when the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components align and support each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fundamental attribution error (FAE) suggests that we tend to underestimate the influence of personal characteristics on another person's behavior.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a growth mindset?

    <p>Success is attributed to internal, stable, and uncontrollable factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of the fundamental attribution error (FAE) in your own words.

    <p>The FAE is the tendency to overemphasize personal traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone's behavior. For example, we might assume a person is lazy if they're late, rather than considering possible traffic issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ mindset views abilities as changeable and capable of development, while a ______ mindset sees them as fixed and unchangeable.

    <p>growth, fixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) = Overestimating the influence of personal characteristics and underestimating situational factors. Growth Mindset = Believing abilities are changeable and can be developed. Fixed Mindset = Believing abilities are fixed and unchangeable. Attribution Theory = Explaining the causes of behavior by considering internal and external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered positive consequences of having a growth mindset? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Greater resilience in the face of challenges. (A), Increased motivation to learn and improve. (C), Enhanced creativity and problem-solving skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collectivistic cultures are more likely to attribute behavior to situational factors compared to individualistic cultures.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an attitude? Briefly describe its components.

    <p>An attitude is a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to a particular object, person, or event. It has three components: cognitive (beliefs and thoughts), affective (emotions and feelings), and behavioral (actions and intentions).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a personal factor influencing aggressive behavior?

    <p>Alcohol consumption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'catharsis effect' suggests that engaging in violent media, such as playing violent video games, can reduce aggressive tendencies.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'weapons effect'?

    <p>The 'weapons effect' refers to the increased likelihood of aggression when a weapon is present in the environment, as it primes aggressive thoughts and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency to attribute hostile intentions to someone who has caused damage, even if it is uncertain whether it was accidental or intentional, is called the _____ ______ ______.

    <p>hostile attribution bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a strategy to prevent aggression?

    <p>Catharsis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Trait aggressiveness = Stable individual differences in the likelihood and intensity of aggressive behavior Alcohol myopia = Reduced attentional capacity due to alcohol consumption, leading to misinterpretation of situational cues Hostile attribution bias = Tendency to attribute hostile intentions to others even when unclear Weapons effect = Increased likelihood of aggression in the presence of weapons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exposure to violent media content has been shown to decrease aggressive behaviors in individuals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind 'de-escalation' as a strategy to prevent aggression?

    <p>De-escalation involves introducing responses that are incompatible with aggression, such as prosocial behavior, relaxing music, or a relaxed posture, to reduce the likelihood of aggressive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Groups and Group Processes

    • Groups are defined by size: Dyads (2 people), small groups (3-6), groups (3-30)
    • Group size influences interaction and enables face-to-face contact.
    • Sense of connectedness is the degree people feel united as a team, sharing a sense of belonging.
    • Intimacy groups include family, friends, romantic partners.
    • Formal groups have structure imposed from without, while informal groups are spontaneous.
    • In-groups are groups one is affiliated with and out-groups are groups one is not part of.
    • Task groups are made for specific projects, such as sports teams or work projects.
    • Social categories are groups structured by social characteristics, such as "women" or "Germans".
    • Loose associations are people in the same area, such as those at a bus stop, but with little ongoing interaction.

    Types of Groups

    • High connectedness is associated with higher levels of interaction, common goals, shared outcomes, perceived similarity and a longer duration of the group.
    • Groups are formed for reasons such as sociobiological drives, cognitive needs, and utilitarian needs.
    • Social comparison is helpful in understanding the self.
    • Satisfaction of needs for bonding, self-esteem, and a social identity are also motivators for joining a group.

    Group Dynamics and Stages of Development

    • Tuckman's stages of group development (Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning) highlight the process of group formation.
    • "Forming" is where members get to know each other. Uncertainty and high concerns are present.
    • "Storming" involves resistance to leaders, disagreements, and high conflict.
    • "Norming" involves consensus-building and establishing common goals. High friendship and cohesion are typical.
    • "Performing" involves working toward group goals and high performance orientation.
    • "Adjourning" is where the group disbands.
    • Not all groups pass through all 5 stages.

    Organizational Socialization Model

    • Moreland and Levine (1982) stages of group socialization (Entry, Investigation, Socialization, Maintenance, Divergence, Resocialization, Remembrance).
    • Group commitment is psychological bond with the group's goals.
    • Initial rituals welcome new members.
    • Socialization allows new members to learn group norms, acquire skills, and learn how to function as a member of the group.
    • Maintenance phase requires negotiation and role assignment.
    • Divergence is when the group and member depart.
    • Resocialization attempts to bring back someone who has exited the group.
    • Remembrance is where exiting and remaining members discuss their experiences of the group and the process.

    Social Psychology Definition and Methods

    • Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
    • "Actual presence" = present physically; "imagined presence" = influences of others in their minds; "implied presence" = social roles and cultural norms.
    • Research strategies aim to understand cognitive and emotional processes, leading to behavioral reactions.
    • Empirical research, theories, and methods are involved in this study.

    Experiment Types

    • Experiment method involves manipulating something in a situation to study its effect.
    • Only way to determine cause-and-effect relations.

    Observational Methods

    • Observational methods involve recording behaviors or events.
    • Can be covert (participants unaware) or overt (participants aware).
    • Qualitative data analysis is used in observational research.

    Ethical Considerations

    • Research participants must not be harmed (physically or psychologically)
    • Informed consent must be obtained from participants.
    • Deception should be scientifically justified and ethically permissible.
    • Participants should be debriefed about the true nature of the research.
    • Findings should be reported truthfully.

    Self-Knowledge

    • Introspection is the process of observing and examining one's inner states.
    • Self-perception theory suggests that when inner states are ambiguous we look to behavior to figure them out.
    • Social comparison is a process of comparing self with others to evaluate our own opinions and abilities.

    Social Identity and Self-Categorization

    • Social identity theory suggests that the groups we identify with inform our self-concept.
    • People are motivated to contrast their in-groups with out-groups favorably.
    • Self-categorization theory proposes a cognitive process of categorizing ourselves as belonging to different social groups.
    • Inconsistent self-representation might lead to dissonance.

    The Motivational Functions of Self

    • The self-assessment and self-verification motives describe individuals desire for accurate and coherent self-representation.
    • Self-enhancement motive explains how people want to see the self as positive.
    • People tend to overestimate their own talents and abilities, often attributing successes to internal factors (e.g. skills, effort) and failures to external factors (e.g. bad luck, or distractions).

    Self-regulation

    • Self-regulation is the control and direction of behavior to achieve goals.
    • It involves monitoring behavior, comparing it to standards, and making adjustments as needed.
    • Effective self-regulation can improve cognitive, emotional, and behavioral abilities.

    The Self-Determination Theory

    • The theory states that people are motivated to feel autonomous, competent, and connected to others.
    • This theory supports the importance of these factors.

    The General Aggression Model (GAM)

    • The model integrates personal and situational variables.
    • The GAM helps to understand how various factors influence the development of aggressive behaviors and outcomes.

    Social Influence, Conformity, and Obedience

    • Social influence is how one person's feelings, thoughts, and behavior affect another.
    • Conformity involves adjusting thoughts, feelings, and actions to match a group's norms.
    • Informational and normative influences are motivators for conformity.
    • Obedience, as seen in Milgram's work, highlights the impact of authority on behaviors.
    • Techniques to induce compliance, such as the door-in-the-face, that-not-all, and foot-in-the-door, can be very effective.

    Prosocial Behavior

    • Prosocial behavior involves actions intended to help others.
    • Altruism is a kind of prosocial behavior, with potential costs to the helper.
    • Factors such as empathy, proximity, and the perception of the need for help influence whether someone engages in prosocial behavior and its effectiveness.

    Attitudes

    • Attitudes are a person's overall evaluations of a thing/object/concept/etc.
    • Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
    • Inconsistency between components can create dissonance.
    • Attitudes can shape behavior and be influenced by experiences, and the actions of others.

    Aggression

    • Aggression is behavior intended to cause harm or pain to another.
    • Aggression can be instrumental (to achieve a goal) or hostile (to inflict harm).
    • Frustration, media violence, alcohol, and individual differences can contribute to aggression.
    • Strategies to prevent aggression focus on reducing stressors and using positive reinforcement.

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    Wrap Up SP (Social Psychology) Wrap Up

    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in psychology related to group dynamics and attachment theory, including Tuckman's group development model and Harlow's monkey experiments. You'll assess your understanding of group behavior, parental influences on self-concept, and the significance of a 'secure base' in child development.

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