Psychology Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the continuum model of abnormality address?

  • It examines behavior along a spectrum from normal to abnormal. (correct)
  • It dismisses cultural influences on mental health.
  • It explains the causes of mental disorders.
  • It categorizes mental disorders into rigid classifications.

Which of the following represents a type of validity?

  • Social validity
  • Internal validity (correct)
  • Cultural validity
  • Temporal validity

In the context of PTSD treatment, what is the role of CBT?

  • To induce unconscious memories
  • To prescribe medication
  • To facilitate physical desensitization
  • To modify negative thought patterns (correct)

What is a characteristic of Conversion Disorder?

<p>Physical symptoms with no medical explanation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes flooding from systematic desensitization in exposure therapy?

<p>Flooding involves immediate, intense exposure to the fear. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a criterion for defining abnormality?

<p>Diagnosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cultural relativism' suggest in the context of defining abnormality?

<p>Abnormal behavior is always defined by cultural norms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical view attributed abnormal behavior to supernatural forces?

<p>Supernatural Theories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of historical treatments, what was the primary focus of the 'mental hygiene movement'?

<p>Improving the conditions in mental hospitals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of 'psychic epidemics' or 'mass hysterias'?

<p>The spread of psychological and behavioral symptoms among groups of people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the continuum model of abnormality?

<p>Strict boundaries exist between normal and abnormal behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option accurately describes the concept of 'deviance' in defining abnormality?

<p>Behaviors that are statistically unusual or violate social norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'dysfunction' contribute to the definition of abnormality?

<p>It considers the impact of behavior on daily life functioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is needed to maintain blood pressure in individuals with a blood-injection-injury phobia?

<p>Muscle tensing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory contributes to the understanding of Social Anxiety Disorder?

<p>Assumptions of judgment from others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is commonly used for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

<p>Exposure and response prevention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Separation Anxiety Disorder?

<p>Excessive anxiety when apart from attachment figures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might contribute to the development of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

<p>Exposure to severe trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in the context of psychopathology?

<p>Influence memory, mood, and trauma responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors?

<p>Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment approach for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

<p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hoarding disorder?

<p>Organizing belongings in a neat manner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component for effective therapy as mentioned?

<p>Expression of negative emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of behavioral therapy?

<p>Changing maladaptive behaviors through reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area considers the influence of cultural norms on mental health?

<p>Sociocultural perspective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'epigenetics' refer to?

<p>Environmental influence on gene expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential risk factor for developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

<p>Pre-existing mental health conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of a mental status exam?

<p>Evaluation of mood and affect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method can demonstrate causality between variables?

<p>Experimental studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception related to the DSM classification system?

<p>It eliminates all stigma related to disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of reliability in testing?

<p>The consistency of measurements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological treatment specifically involves cognitive restructuring?

<p>Stress-inoculation therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study design is most useful for examining changes in a group over time?

<p>Longitudinal study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach integrates mindfulness with cognitive-behavioral techniques?

<p>Third-wave approaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using neuropsychological tests?

<p>To identify brain damage-related cognitive deficits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes acute stress disorder from PTSD?

<p>It occurs within one month of a stressor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes the family systems perspective on psychological disorders?

<p>Viewing dysfunction in a member as a wider family problem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Null Hypothesis

A statistical test that assumes there is no difference between groups being compared. Used to disprove the null hypothesis.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to see its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment. Its value depends on the independent variable.

Validity

A way to measure how well a test or experiment measures what it is intended to measure. Types include: Internal Validity, External Validity, Construct Validity, Face Validity.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A psychological disorder characterized by recurrent and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that cause anxiety, and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing that anxiety.

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Cultural Relativism

The idea that what is considered abnormal varies across cultures and is influenced by the norms and values of a specific society.

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Continuum Model

A framework suggesting that abnormal behavior exists on a spectrum, ranging from healthy and adaptive behaviors to maladaptive and dysfunctional ones.

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Supernatural Theories

A historical perspective that attributed abnormal behavior to supernatural forces like demonic possession, curses, or divine intervention.

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Biological Theories

A historical approach that linked abnormal behavior to physical causes or imbalances in the body.

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Subjective Distress

A criterion for defining abnormality that considers behaviors that cause personal suffering, distress, or emotional pain.

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Deviance

A criterion for defining abnormality that considers behaviors that are unusual or statistically uncommon compared to the general population.

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Trephination

A historical practice of drilling holes into the skull, believed to release evil spirits or cure mental disorders.

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Mental Health

A state of emotional, psychological, or social well-being, characterized by the absence of mental disorders.

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Observational Learning

A type of learning where an individual learns by observing the actions of others and the consequences of those actions.

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Exposure Therapy

A treatment for anxiety disorders that involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared situation or object, while teaching them relaxation techniques.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A psychological disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry in most situations, often accompanied by physical symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.

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Separation Anxiety Disorder

A psychological disorder characterized by excessive anxiety when separated from attachment figures, often stemming from biological vulnerability or overprotective parenting.

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Nature-Nurture Question

The ongoing debate about the relative contributions of genetics and environment on the development of psychopathology.

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Flooding

A technique used in exposure therapy where the individual is immediately exposed to the feared stimulus for an extended period.

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Systematic Desensitization

A technique used in exposure therapy where the individual is gradually exposed to the feared stimulus while learning relaxation techniques.

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Agoraphobia

A psychological disorder characterized by intense fear of open spaces and panic attacks, often leading to avoidance of public places.

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Common Components of Therapy

A strong therapist-client relationship, explanation of symptoms, and the expression of negative emotions are all important for effective therapy.

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Assessment in Psychopathology

The process of gathering information about someone's symptoms and their causes.

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Diagnosis in Psychopathology

A label for symptoms that tend to occur together.

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Validity of Assessment Tools

How accurate a test measures what it's supposed to measure.

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Reliability of Assessment Tools

How consistent a test's results are over time and across different situations.

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Mental Status Exam

A structured evaluation of a person's appearance, behavior, thought processes, mood, and cognitive functioning.

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Epigenetics

The influence of environmental factors on gene expression.

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Behavioral Therapy

A therapy approach focusing on changing maladaptive behaviors by modifying reinforcement patterns.

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Cognitive Therapy

A therapy approach focusing on changing maladaptive thought patterns.

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective

A theoretical perspective emphasizing unconscious conflicts from early childhood.

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Humanistic Perspective

A theoretical perspective emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization.

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Family Systems Perspective

A theoretical perspective viewing the family as an interconnected system.

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Third-Wave Therapy

A therapy approach using mindfulness and acceptance techniques to treat psychological distress.

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Epidemiological Studies

A study that looks at the prevalence and incidence of a disorder.

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Case Study

A detailed account of an individual or small group, used for generating new research ideas.

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Correlational Studies

A research method examining relationships between variables but not proving causality.

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Study Notes

History of Madness

  • Ancient civilizations (Greek, Roman) used trephination and various treatments for the mentally ill.

Defining Abnormality

  • The 4 D's (Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger) are used, in context with a continuum model.
  • Cultural relativism offers advantages in defining abnormality.

Defining a Theory

  • Defining a theory is a key concept.

Research Methods

  • Understanding independent vs dependent variables is crucial.
  • Case studies, single subject designs, double-blind experiments, and group comparison studies are essential research approaches.

Neurological Assessment Methods

  • EEG (electroencephalogram) and ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) are assessment methods.

Nature vs. Nurture

  • The nature-nurture debate about human development.

Genetics

  • Identical twins are used to reveal shared genetic traits.

Endocrine System

  • The "master" gland (pituitary gland) plays a vital role.

Cognitive Functioning

  • Understanding intelligence tests and potential biases.
  • The Bender-Gestalt Test provides visual-motor assessment.

Psychotherapy

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBT) treat PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder).

PTSD

  • Symptoms, risk factors, and medications are important aspects of PTSD treatment.
  • Neurochemical processes are involved in PTSD and other disorders.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  • Diagnosing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
  • Flooding and systematic desensitization are treatment methods.

Phobias

  • Exposure therapy is used to treat phobias.
  • Agoraphobia is a specific type of anxiety disorder.
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is covered as well as conversion disorder and secondary gain.

Factitious Disorder

  • A factitious disorder is also discussed.
  • Hilgard's study is mentioned.

Structured Interviewing

  • Current DSM title and emphasis are topics to review.
  • A null hypothesis is an important part of research design.

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Study Guide Midterm #1 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, including the history of madness, defining abnormality, and research methods. This quiz covers a range of topics from neurological assessments to the nature vs. nurture debate, providing a well-rounded overview of psychological principles.

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