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Questions and Answers
Who is considered the founder of Gestalt psychology?
Which of these theorists is associated with the socio-cognitive school of thought?
What significant movement in psychology arose in response to behaviorism?
Which aspect of psychology does cognitive psychology primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is NOT a topic researched under cognitive psychology?
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Who are considered forerunners of Gestalt psychology?
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What does Gestalt psychology emphasize in terms of perception?
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Which of the following is a mainstream cognitive theorist?
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What is a significant strength of behaviorism in therapeutic settings?
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Which of the following techniques is commonly associated with behaviorism?
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Critics of behaviorism primarily argue that it overlooks which of the following aspects?
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How do critics perceive behaviorism's approach to learning?
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What is a limitation of behaviorism mentioned by critics?
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What is the primary goal of psychology?
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What differentiates psychiatrists from psychologists?
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Which ancient philosophers posed fundamental questions about mental life?
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What evidence suggests early human attempts to explain and control behavior?
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What scientific approach is employed in psychology for understanding behavior?
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What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?
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Who are the main contributors to the humanistic school of psychology?
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What principle does Gestalt psychology fundamentally support?
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What has been a significant influence of humanistic psychology in other areas?
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Which characteristic is a strength of humanistic psychology?
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How did humanistic psychology contribute to the perception of therapy?
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In what time period did Gestalt psychology begin to develop?
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What aspect does humanistic psychology most significantly emphasize regarding individuals?
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What was a primary focus of functionalist thinkers?
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Which thinker is notably associated with the belief that children should learn at their developmental level?
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Which school of thought did psychoanalysis emerge from?
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Which of the following components is NOT one of the three elements of the human mind according to Freud?
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What criticism did Wundt famously express about William James’ work?
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Which psychodynamic theorist is known for developing concepts beyond Freud's original theories?
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What did Freud believe the superego represents?
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Which approach in psychology did functionalism significantly influence?
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Study Notes
Functionalism
- Functionalism is a school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the role of mental processes in adapting to the environment.
- Key functionalist thinkers include John Dewey, James Rowland Angell, and Harvey Carr.
- Functionalism was influential in the development of behaviorism and applied psychology.
- Functionalism also influenced the educational system, particularly John Dewey's belief in developmentally appropriate learning.
- Functionalism was criticized by Wilhelm Wundt, who believed it prioritized literary analysis over psychological inquiry.
Psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud, who emphasized the influence of the unconscious on behavior.
- Freud's theory suggests the human mind is composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego.
- The id represents primal urges, the ego manages reality, and the superego embodies internalized values.
- Psychoanalysis has been influential, but also controversial, with debate continuing about its accuracy and relevance.
- Prominent figures in psychodynamic theory include Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud, Murray, and Karen Horney.
Behaviorism
- Behaviorism is a school of thought that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped by environmental influences.
- Key figures in behaviorism include John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner.
- Behaviorism emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in learning.
- Strengths of behaviorism include its objectivity, measurable data, and effective therapeutic techniques like behavioral intervention and token economies.
- Criticisms of behaviorism include its narrow focus, neglecting internal factors and other learning processes.
Cognitive Psychology
- Cognitive psychology emerged in response to behaviorism, emphasizing the role of mental processes in understanding behavior.
- Cognitive psychology studies mental processes including thinking, perception, memory, and learning.
- This school of thought was influenced by the "cognitive revolution" of the 1950s, emphasizing topics like information processing, language, and perception.
- Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development is a major theory within cognitive psychology.
- Socio-cognitive theorists include Albert Bandura and Julian Rotter.
- Mainstream cognitive theorists include Miller and Neisser.
The Gestalt School
- Gestalt psychology emphasizes the importance of perceiving wholes and the greater significance of the whole experience over its individual parts.
- The Gestalt school emerged in Germany and Austria in the late 19th century, as a response to the reductionist approach of structuralism.
- Key figures in Gestalt psychology include Max Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler, and Lewin.
Humanistic Psychology
- Humanistic psychology emerged as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, emphasizing individual free will, personal growth, and self-actualization.
- It focuses on helping individuals achieve their full potential and live more fulfilling lives.
- This school of thought is influenced by the work of major humanists like Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
- Humanistic psychology influenced a wide range of fields, from therapy and education to healthcare and positive psychology.
- It helped reduce the stigma associated with therapy, allowing for broader exploration of personal growth and potential.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of Functionalism and Psychoanalysis in psychology. This quiz covers influential thinkers like John Dewey and Sigmund Freud, as well as the fundamental theories regarding mental processes and the unconscious mind. Dive into the debates and critiques surrounding these important psychological schools of thought.
