Psychology Flashcards on Critical Thinking

Questions and Answers

Critical thinking is __________.

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?

Male psychologists do not pay enough attention to relationships.

Male psychologists emphasize objective data over subjective data.

Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women.

Male bias exists in science. (correct)

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study __________.

the mind and behavior

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

Developmental psychology Signup and view all the answers

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation Signup and view all the answers

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on __________.

a person's unconscious Signup and view all the answers

A hypothesis is defined as a __________.

tentative explanation Signup and view all the answers

William James was the __________.

first American psychologist Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior.

The word 'subconscious' should be changed to the word 'conscious.' Signup and view all the answers

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

Naomi Weisstein Signup and view all the answers

This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

The intelligence test has reliability and validity.

high; low Signup and view all the answers

These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.

clinical Signup and view all the answers

What do these results indicate? Despite advances in feminism, there are still gender inequalities in post-secondary studies.

There is a relationship between gender and intended major. Signup and view all the answers

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

placebo effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

Empirical studies Signup and view all the answers

This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

What type of research design did they use?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind Signup and view all the answers

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

correlation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

-0.9 Signup and view all the answers

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control Signup and view all the answers

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method Signup and view all the answers

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5 Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

Watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets Signup and view all the answers

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

Experimental Signup and view all the answers

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies Signup and view all the answers

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

Temporal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the CT scan?

Motor skill deficits in the left side of her body Signup and view all the answers

Clive Wearing could remember which of the following types of memory?

How to play the piano Signup and view all the answers

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes is a(n) disorder because insulin is a .

endocrine; hormone Signup and view all the answers

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns.

Electroencephalography (EEG) Signup and view all the answers

Microchip brain implants are now used on a regular basis for the treatment of __________.

Parkinson's Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?

Computerized tomography (CT) scan Signup and view all the answers

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic Signup and view all the answers

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning Signup and view all the answers

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval Signup and view all the answers

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval Signup and view all the answers

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational Signup and view all the answers

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling Signup and view all the answers

To maximize learning, a should be presented on a(n) schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous Signup and view all the answers

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction Signup and view all the answers

In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

Remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV Signup and view all the answers

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.

Forgetting Signup and view all the answers

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition Signup and view all the answers

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma.

Retrograde Signup and view all the answers

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic.His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

Visual Signup and view all the answers

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory Signup and view all the answers

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells, 'The man with the blue shirt did it.' Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in a flowered dress. This is an example of ________.

Suggestibility Signup and view all the answers

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony can vary in reliability based on circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking involves applying skills to understand and evaluate information.
It is essential for analyzing controversial topics and drawing informed conclusions.

Feminist Criticism in Psychology

Feminist criticism highlights male bias in science, emphasizing that male psychologists often overlook women's perspectives and experiences.

Psychology as a Discipline

Psychology studies both the mind and behavior, recognizing the interplay between cognitive processes and actions.

Developmental Psychology

Jean Piaget is a key figure in developmental psychology, known for his work on cognitive development in children.

Empirical Method

The empirical method relies on observation as a systematic way to study phenomena rather than guesswork.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Focuses on a person's unconscious mind and its influence on behavior, particularly childhood experiences.

Hypothesis Definition

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that can guide research and experimentation.

William James

Recognized as the first American psychologist, he contributed significantly to the field with his writings.

Sigmund Freud's Theories

Freud emphasized the unconscious mind's role in understanding conscious behaviors, correcting misconceptions about subconscious behavior.

Feminist Revolution in Psychology

Naomi Weisstein is credited with initiating the feminist revolution in psychology, advocating for women's representation in psychological research.

Confirmation Bias

This term describes the tendency to favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs despite evidence to the contrary.

Test Reliability and Validity

A test may show high reliability (consistent results) but low validity if it correlates weakly with other measures of intelligence.

Research Methods

Case studies allow in-depth study of individual behaviors, particularly useful for understanding complex conditions like brain injuries.

Observational Studies

Naturalistic observation captures behaviors in natural settings without manipulation, providing authentic insights.

Double-Blind Studies

A study designed so both researchers and participants are unaware of group assignments, eliminating bias.

Correlation vs. Causation

Correlation indicates a relationship between variables, while causation implies one variable directly affects another.

Reinforcement Schedules

Variable interval schedules result in unpredictable reinforcement, encouraging ongoing behavior, whereas fixed intervals produce regular responses.

Learning Theories

Observational learning occurs through modeling behaviors seen in others and higher-order conditioning involves pairing a new stimulus with an established one.

Types of Memory

Semantic memory relates to knowledge and facts, while episodic memory concerns personal experiences and events.

Eyewitness Testimony

Eyewitness accounts are susceptible to suggestion and misinformation, impacting their reliability.

Brain and Behavior Connections

The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system, transmitting signals between the brain and body; the auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe.

Psychological Disorders and Treatments

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed for depression, emphasizing the link between neurotransmitters and mood regulation.

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Description

This quiz features essential flashcards covering critical thinking concepts in psychology. Test your understanding of definitions and applications related to evaluating information and controversial topics. Perfect for students aiming to deepen their comprehension of psychological principles.