Psychology Final Test Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What does it mean when it is said that something is maladaptive to functioning?

It is causing other people distress.

Which of the following pieces of information is usually gathered during a clinical evaluation? (Select all that apply)

Self-reports from the client (correct)

Personality, IQ, and other tests (correct)

Personal observations that the psychologist makes while talking to the person (correct)

Interviews with family and friends (correct)

Why do clinical psychologists use the 'medical model' of treatment?

It allows us to be more systematic in diagnosis and treatment.

There is a strong genetic component for schizophrenia, but a schizophrenic episode may be brought on by stress. I am talking about its ___________.

etiology Signup and view all the answers

If you were trying to figure out whether or not the patient had Bipolar I or Bipolar II, you would be talking about its ____________________________.

differential diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to say that disorders demonstrate 'comorbidity'?

They tend to co-occur. Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder demonstrates comorbidity with panic attack disorder?

Agoraphobia Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between mania and depression as exhibited by someone with Bipolar disorder.

High/High vs. Low/Low Signup and view all the answers

Which form of Bipolar disorder is characterized by more extreme manic episodes than depressive episodes?

Bipolar I Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a delusion?

Destiny thinks that there are people who are out to get her. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a possible prognosis for someone who experiences a schizophrenic episode? (Select all that apply)

They may have psychotic episodes occasionally with minimal or no problems in between episodes Signup and view all the answers

These treatment professionals aren't really psychologists as much as they are doctors. They typically work in hospitals and can write prescriptions.

Psychiatrists Signup and view all the answers

These treatment professionals can help you work through adjustment problems such as marriage problems, school problems, and stress.

Counselor Signup and view all the answers

What general approach to treating psychological disorders views treatment as a process of 'unlearning' behaviors?

Behavioral approach Signup and view all the answers

What forms the basis of the biological approach?

Drug therapy, electrical stimulation, and psychosurgery. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what is meant by the term 'cognitive restructuring' and tell me why it is sometimes necessary.

Learning new habits of thinking. Signup and view all the answers

This form of talk therapy seeks to help people learn more adaptive habits of thinking.

Cognitive behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What side effect of using antipsychotic medication involves facial tics and lip smacking?

Tardive dyskinesia Signup and view all the answers

What disorder requires caution when treating with Lithium due to the risk it poses?

Bipolar disorder Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following settings would you find the use of IQ tests? (Select all that apply)

Military Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an achievement test?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is an aptitude test?

IQ test Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between aptitude and achievement tests.

Aptitude tests measure the ability to learn; achievement tests measure a set of knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is Savane's IQ if she performs similar to an average 5-year-old?

125 Signup and view all the answers

What can we determine about Mike's IQ?

Can't tell from the information given Signup and view all the answers

How are modern IQs calculated?

By comparing your performance on an IQ test against people who are similar to you. Signup and view all the answers

Where can you find most people’s IQ scores?

Most people are average in IQ. Signup and view all the answers

Scoring below 70 on an IQ diagnosis automatically leads to a diagnosis of 'intellectual disability'.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the Flynn Effect?

IQ scores are improving by generation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an IQ test used by the military?

ASVAB Signup and view all the answers

What is currently the most popular IQ test in use?

WAIS Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of breaking down the measure of IQ into multiple scores?

Multiple scores provide a more nuanced view of the person's cognitive function for clinical evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

What is reliability in the context of psychological testing?

The degree to which you can consistently measure what you intend to measure. Signup and view all the answers

What is validity in the context of psychological testing?

The degree to which you measure what it is you intend to measure. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of problem does Dr. Smalls's new IQ test have?

Reliability problems Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most associated with medical problems for Type A individuals?

Free floating hostility Signup and view all the answers

What motivates Stanley Milgram's famous 'shock learning' study?

The atrocities committed by the Nazis in WW II Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about an emergency situation is true, according to the research on bystander apathy?

You are more likely to get help in an emergency situation if only one person sees you. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'diffusion of responsibility'?

A phenomenon where individuals do not help in emergencies because they assume someone else will. Signup and view all the answers

What causes bystander apathy?

A diffusion of responsibility among observers, difficulty in interpreting an ambiguous situation as an emergency, and fear of intervening and embarrassing oneself. Signup and view all the answers

Define personality.

Characteristic pattern of thoughts, feelings, behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What function does your self-esteem play according to the sociometer hypothesis?

Serves as a gauge of your inclusion with the group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between your working self-concept and your self-schema?

Working self-concept is the part of the self you are thinking about now, while self-schema encompasses everything you know about yourself. Signup and view all the answers

What approach to understanding personality views conflicts between desires and societal rules?

Psychodynamic approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the Big Five test?

A self-report test of personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the DSM?

An introductory chapter, chapters describing recognized psychological disorders, and a section discussing unresolved research issues. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how stress relates to psychological disorders.

Genetic weakness or brain damage exacerbated by stress. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

IQ Tests

IQ tests are used in military settings, courts, schools, psychologists' offices, businesses, and sports.
Common IQ tests include ASVAB (military) and WAIS (most popular).
Modern IQ calculations compare individual performance to similar peers.
Average IQ scores cluster around a central point, indicating most people have average intelligence.

Achievement vs. Aptitude Tests

Achievement tests measure knowledge or proficiency (e.g., end-of-grade tests, midterm exams).
Aptitude tests assess potential to learn (e.g., IQ tests).
Key distinction: aptitude tests indicate ability to learn; achievement tests measure acquired knowledge.

IQ Formulas and Interpretation

Savane's IQ: calculated using Stern's formula (age equivalency method), resulting in 125 based on her performance.
Mike's IQ is undetermined solely from age comparison.
An IQ score below 70 does not automatically diagnose intellectual disability; daily functioning difficulties must also be considered.
Flynn Effect: suggests intergenerational increases in IQ scores, possibly due to nutrition and educational focus.

Intelligence Types

Fluid intelligence refers to problem-solving abilities; crystallized intelligence pertains to factual knowledge.
Fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood and declines, while crystallized intelligence generally remains stable or increases.

Emotional Understanding

Emotions consist of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; universally recognized emotions include happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and contempt.
Emotions help in social functioning and understanding internal states.

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange theory posits emotions arise from physiological responses; Schachter's two-factor theory involves interpreting physiological cues with social context.
The amygdala is crucial for rapid emotional responses, while the frontal lobe regulates emotional control.

Health Psychology

Health psychologists focus on promoting healthier, happier living.
Cortisol is a hormone linked to stress responses, impacting immune function and glucose levels.

Stress and Coping

Major stressors can be both positive (e.g., marriage) and negative.
Lazarus' model identifies secondary appraisal as one's confidence in coping with stress.
Type A behavior, characterized by hostility, is linked to health issues.

Attribution and Bias

Fundamental attribution error leads to overestimating personality factors in others' behavior.
The difference between dispositional and situational attributions can influence perceptions of rudeness or behavior.
Bystander apathy arises from diffusion of responsibility and misinterpretation of situations as emergencies.

Personality and Self-Concept

Personality comprises stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, helping predict behaviors.
Self-esteem serves as an indicator of social inclusion, while working self-concept is based on immediate thoughts about oneself.

Approaches to Personality

The psychodynamic approach focuses on internal conflicts arising from desires and societal rules.
Trait theory aims to quantify personality and includes self-report measures.
The social cognitive approach examines the influence of reinforcements on behavior.

Diagnostic Concepts in Psychology

The DSM provides a reference for psychological disorders, including symptom collections and treatment guidelines.
Stress interacts with genetic vulnerabilities in the development of psychological disorders.

Understanding Disorders

Disorders exhibit comorbidity and can share symptoms across categories; for example, panic attack disorder often co-occurs with agoraphobia.
Bipolar disorder involves mania (high energy) contrasting with depression (low energy) in its presentation.### Bipolar I
A mental health condition characterized by manic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes.

Delusions

A false belief held with strong conviction despite evidence to the contrary.
Example: Destiny believes that people are conspiring against her.

Prognosis for Schizophrenic Episodes

Individuals may experience no further psychotic episodes.
Occasional psychotic episodes may occur with minimal or no functional impairment between episodes.
Some may face ongoing psychotic episodes coupled with impaired functioning during non-episode periods.

Psychiatrists

Medical professionals who specialize in mental health treatment.
They have the authority to prescribe medication and often work in hospital settings.

Counselors

Professionals who assist individuals in navigating adjustment challenges such as marital or academic issues and stress management.

Behavioral Approach

A therapeutic strategy that focuses on "unlearning" maladaptive behaviors to address psychological disorders.

Biological Approach

Focuses on treating mental disorders through medical methods including drug therapy, electrical stimulation, and psychosurgery.

Cognitive Restructuring

Involves learning and adopting new, healthier thinking patterns.
Necessary for overcoming negative thought patterns detrimental to mental health.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A form of psychotherapy designed to help individuals cultivate more adaptive thinking habits and change negative patterns of thought.

Tardive Dyskinesia

A side effect of antipsychotic medications characterized by involuntary facial movements and lip smacking.

Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

Caution is required when using Lithium for treatment, as it can pose serious health risks.

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Prepare for your Psychology exam with these flashcards covering key concepts such as IQ tests, achievement tests, and aptitude tests. Each card presents a term along with its definition, making it an effective study tool for the final test.