IQ Tests and Cognitive Assessments

Test Development

• The test development process occurs in five stages: test conceptualization, test construction, test tryout, item analysis, and test revision.
• Preliminary questions to consider before developing a test:
  • What is the test designed to measure?
  • What is the objective of the test?
  • Is there a need for this test?
  • What content will the test score cover?
  • How will the test be administered?
  • What is the ideal format of the test?
  • Should more than one form of the test be developed?
  • What special training will be required of test users?
  • Who benefits from an administration of this test?
  • Is there any potential for harm as a result of an administration of this test?

Test Conceptualization

• The beginnings of any published test can probably be traced to thoughts or self-talk.
• A review of the available literature on existing tests may indicate that such tests leave much to be desired in psychometric soundness.
• An emerging social phenomenon or pattern of behavior might serve as the stimulus for the development of a new test.

Scaling Methods

• Rating Scale: a grouping of words/statements on which judgment of the strength of a particular trait/attitude/emotion is indicated by the test taker.
• Likert Scale: presents the test taker with five (or four, or seven) options, usually on an agree/disagree or approve/disapprove continuum.
• Paired Comparisons: test takers are presented with pairs of stimuli, which they are asked to compare, and must choose one over the other.

Item Writing

• Refers to the process of writing items to the construct that we intend to measure.
• Item Pool: refers to the process of writing items to the construct that we intend to measure.
• Item Format: refers to the process of writing items to the construct that we intend to measure.

Test Construction

• Involves writing preliminary items to know what might possibly be the content of the test.
• A "rough draft" of the test, where content, scaling, and scoring may be tested in a very small group.
• Standardized tests are required to conduct a pilot study prior to test construction, but for tests used only in small settings, such as a class achievement test, a pilot study is not required.

Pilot Study

• A preliminary task surrounding the creation of the prototype of the test.
• Involves conducting a pilot study to test the content, scaling, and scoring of the test.

Types of Tests

• Individually Administered Intelligence Tests:
  • Stanford Binet 5: designed to test an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) and cognitive abilities, with a range of scores from 40 to 160.
  • Wechsler Scales: includes the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), which measure cognitive abilities in children and adults.

Wechsler Scales

• Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI):

  • Designed for children aged 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months.
  • Measures cognitive development, including thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.
  • Provides a full-scale IQ, as well as verbal and performance scores.

• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC):

  • Designed for children between the ages of 6 and 16 years old.
  • Assesses cognitive abilities in children, including verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
  • Provides a full-scale IQ, as well as scores for several different domains.

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS):

  • Designed for people aged 16 to 90 years old.
  • Measures a wide range of cognitive abilities, including verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
  • Provides a full-scale IQ, as well as scores for individual subtests and overall IQ.### Intelligence Tests

• The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (CTONI-2) measures analogical reasoning, categorical classification, and sequential reasoning using pictures of familiar objects and geometric designs.

• The CTONI-2 has three composite scores: the picture scale, geometric scale, and overall score.

• The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) measures cognitive abilities including short-term memory, visual processing, learning ability, fluid reasoning, and crystallized ability.

• The K-ABC also has a global score called the Fluid-Crystallized Index (FCI).

Woodcock-Johnson III

• The Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ III) measures cognitive abilities and academic achievement.
• The WJ III is highly reliable and valid, with standardized norms reflecting diverse populations.
• The test includes cognitive scales to measure cognitive abilities, achievement scales to assess academic proficiency, and diagnostic and supplemental scales for additional insights.

Slosson Intelligence Scale (SIT)

• The Slosson Intelligence Scale (SIT) is a verbal screening measure of cognitive ability for children and adults.
• The SIT is ideal for individuals with visual impairment, reading disabilities, or other conditions.
• The test has high validity and reliability, with correlational studies showing a range of 0.90.

Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test II (UNIT2)

• The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test II (UNIT2) measures general intelligence and three foundational cognitive abilities: memory, fluid reasoning, and quantitative reasoning.
• The test has high inter-rater scorer consistency, with coefficients ranging from 0.98 to 0.99.
• The UNIT2 produces raw scores, age equivalents, scaled scores, index scores, and percentile ranks.

Raven's Progressive Matrices

• Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) measures general intelligence and abstract reasoning abilities.
• The RPM is used in educational and clinical settings, and is widely used to assess cognitive abilities in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
• The test has high reliability and validity, with scores scaled to a normal distribution.

Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM)

• The Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) measures non-verbal reasoning abilities, including abstract reasoning, problem-solving, and spatial visualization.
• The SPM is widely used in research and practical settings, and has been adapted for use in multiple languages.
• The test has high reliability and validity, with scores scaled to a normal distribution.

Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)

• The Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) measures high-level reasoning abilities, including abilities that are relatively independent of language and educational background.
• The APM is used to assess non-verbal reasoning ability, specifically the ability to perceive relationships and make inferences based on visual patterns.
• The test has high reliability and validity, with scores scaled to a normal distribution.

Culture Fair Intelligence Test

• The Culture Fair Intelligence Test measures cognitive abilities that are relatively independent of language, cultural background, and educational level.

• The test assesses general intelligence, as well as specific abilities such as fluid reasoning, spatial ability, and quantitative ability.

• The test has high reliability and validity, and has been translated into multiple languages.### Language Tests

• The Purdue Non-Language Test (PNLT) is used to assess intellectual functioning in individuals aged 10 and up, including those with difficulty with verbal tests or those from non-English speaking backgrounds.

• The PNLT has high reliability and validity, and is widely used in research and practical settings.

• The test uses a standardized score scale, with a mean score of 10 and a standard deviation of 3.

SRA Verbal and Nonverbal Form

• The SRA Verbal and Nonverbal Form is used to assess general cognitive abilities, including verbal and nonverbal reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking.
• The test is used to identify individuals with high levels of cognitive ability or to diagnose disabilities.
• The test uses a standardized score scale, with a mean score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.

Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness

• The Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness is used to assess mental ability and capability to learn new information and acquire new skills.
• The test is a valid and brief measure of intelligence, and is used to identify individuals with high levels of cognitive ability.
• The test evaluates four job-related tasks, including adjusting to new situations, learning new skills quickly, understanding complex relationships, and thinking flexibly.

Revised Beta Examination

• The Revised Beta Examination is used to measure intellectual ability in individuals aged 16 to 69 years old.
• The test is used to assess general intellectual ability, and is often used in educational and clinical settings.
• The test uses a standardized score scale, with a mean score of 10 and a standard deviation of 3.

Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Tests (WCAT)

• The Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Tests (WCAT) is used to assess cognitive abilities relevant to success in a wide range of occupations.
• The test measures verbal and quantitative reasoning, spatial perception, and general knowledge.
• The test uses a standardized score scale, with a mean score of 20 and a standard deviation of 5.

Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Tests

• The Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Tests are used to measure general cognitive ability and specific abilities such as verbal comprehension, quantitative ability, and spatial perception.
• The test is used to identify individuals with exceptional intellectual abilities, and is often used in educational and clinical settings.
• The test uses a standardized score scale, with a mean score of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Otis-Lennon School Ability Tests

• The Otis-Lennon School Ability Tests are used to assess verbal and nonverbal reasoning abilities in students from kindergarten to grade 12.
• The test is designed to measure verbal comprehension, and verbal, pictorial, figural, and quantitative reasoning.
• The test is used to predict success in school.

Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Test

• The Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Test is used to assess critical thinking skills in individuals, including identifying assumptions, dissecting arguments, and drawing conclusions.
• The test is often used in graduate, professional, and managerial recruitment.
• The test evaluates a candidate's ability to present a clear, well-structured, and persuasive argument.

Panukat Ng Katalinuhan (Pilipino)

• The Panukat Ng Katalinuhan (Pilipino) is used to assess cognitive abilities in Filipino individuals aged 16 and above.
• The test is used in school settings to screen, classify, and identify needs to enhance the learning process.
• The test is also used in business and industry settings to predict occupational achievement and identify an applicant's ability and fitness for a particular job.

Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)

• The Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) is used to assess an individual's aptitudes across various domains, including verbal reasoning, numerical ability, and spatial perception.
• The test is used to identify strengths and weaknesses in individuals, and is often used in educational and vocational settings.
• The test uses a standardized score scale, with a mean score of 10 and a standard deviation of 3.