Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of elaborative rehearsal?
The fact that most Americans cannot easily recall exactly what a U.S. penny looks like is BEST explained by which of the following?
encoding failure
According to Cattell and Horn, _____ intelligence includes accumulated knowledge and is hypothesized to _____ with age.
crystallized; increase
For which of the following correlation coefficients would you be MOST likely to conclude that the test-retest method revealed a very reliable test?
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What is the purpose of standardization?
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Maintenance rehearsal is MOST useful for _____
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Frank is training his dog using which of the following?
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A test in which the test scores are consistent is said to have a high degree of _____
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If a professor is testing your recall ability, she is MOST likely to use _____ exams.
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How is the average correlation between intelligence scores related to genetic similarity?
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Nathan's difficulty relating to the letter 'P' on his phone MOST clearly illustrates which theory of forgetting?
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Karen's deviation IQ score falls 2 standard deviations above the mean for her age group; therefore, her deviation IQ score is _____
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The formula used when calculating an intelligence quotient is _____
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This research is designed to examine the effects of _____ when subjects study Spanish and then French.
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The key theme of the Loftus and Palmer study of false memory is _____
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In Carla's situation, not doing the dishes is associated with which process?
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To increase the likelihood that students will study throughout the semester, exams should be given on a _____ reinforcement schedule.
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In a free recall task, items from the middle of the list are typically recalled _____ frequently than those at the beginning and _____ frequently than those at the end.
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Research suggests which of the following is one of the BEST ways to remember information?
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Laura remembers her graduation, an example of _____ memory, but has forgotten the meaning of 'photosynthesis,' a failure of _____ memory.
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Scott is particularly skilled at understanding other people. It is MOST likely that he would score highly on _____ measure of _____ intelligence.
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Study Notes
Memory and Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal: Involves relating new information to existing knowledge, as exemplified by thinking of personal experiences when learning (e.g., riding a bicycle for procedural memory).
- Encoding Failure: Difficulty recalling common items (like a U.S. penny) due to insufficient encoding of the information.
- Maintenance Rehearsal: Useful for keeping information in short-term memory through repetition without deeper processing.
Intelligence Theories
- Cattell and Horn Intelligence: Distinguishes between crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge) which increases with age, and fluid intelligence (problem-solving abilities).
- Genetic Similarity and Intelligence: The correlation between intelligence scores tends to increase with more genetic similarity among individuals.
Assessments and Testing
- Reliability: A test is considered reliable when it produces consistent scores; high reliability is indicated by a coefficient close to 0.90.
- Standardization Purpose: Allows for interpretation of individual test scores in relation to established norms.
- Forms of Exams: Essay exams are typically used to gauge recall abilities more effectively than multiple-choice formats.
Memory Processes
- Proactive Interference: Occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information, measured through studies comparing languages.
- False Memories: Research by Loftus and Palmer indicates that false memories can be perceived as real and can affect confidence in recollection.
Conditioning and Reinforcement
- Shaping: Training complex behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations until the desired behavior is achieved.
- Negative Reinforcement: Involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., not doing dishes for showing good grades).
- Variable-Interval Schedule: Instructors can use this reinforcement schedule to encourage continuous studying among students.
Recall and Application
- Recency and Primacy Effects: In free recall tasks, items from the beginning and end of a list are remembered more frequently than those from the middle.
- Personal Relevance: Relating new information to oneself is one of the most effective ways to enhance memory retention.
Types of Memory
- Types of Memory: Distinction between episodic memory (personal experiences, like graduation) and semantic memory (factual knowledge, like definitions).
- Interpersonal Intelligence: Understanding others well relates to scoring highly on measures of interpersonal intelligence, according to Gardner’s theory.
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Description
This quiz features flashcards designed to help you study for your psychology final exam. Focused on key concepts such as elaborative rehearsal and memory types, this material is perfect for exam preparation. Test your knowledge and confidence before the big day.
