Questions and Answers
What is Classical Conditioning?
What was originally called Pavlovian Conditioning?
Classical Conditioning
How did Pavlov discover classical conditioning?
He noticed that dogs salivated upon hearing a click, associated with meat powder.
What did Pavlov's findings suggest?
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What is Acquisition in classical conditioning?
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What does Extinction mean in classical conditioning?
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What is Spontaneous Recovery?
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What is Stimulus Generalization?
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What is Stimulus Discrimination?
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What is Higher Order Conditioning?
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What is Operant Conditioning?
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Who demonstrated reinforcement in operant conditioning?
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What is Reinforcement?
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Study = ______
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Work = ______
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Extra work = ______
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What is an example of Operant Conditioning?
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What is Shaping?
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What does Generalized Stimuli imply?
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What are Discriminative Stimuli?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- A learning process where a stimulus gains the ability to evoke a response that previously was caused by another stimulus.
- Plays a crucial role in understanding how phobias are acquired and reflexive behaviors are influenced by preceding stimuli.
- Originally termed "Pavlovian Conditioning" after Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs.
Pavlov's Discovery
- Pavlov's research on dog saliva during digestion led to the discovery of classical conditioning.
- He observed dogs salivating at the sound of a clicking noise associated with meat powder, indicating learned responses.
Key Concepts in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: The phase where a conditioned response is established, influenced by the timing and presence of stimuli.
- Extinction: The process through which a conditioned response diminishes when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The unexpected return of an extinguished response after a time of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus Generalization: When an organism responds similarly to new stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus Discrimination: The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli, leading to a specific response only to the original conditioned stimulus.
- Higher Order Conditioning: When a conditioned stimulus evokes a response as if it were an unconditioned stimulus by associating it with another stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
- A learning method where voluntary behaviors are shaped and controlled by their consequences, focusing on what happens after the response.
- B.F. Skinner demonstrated that organisms repeat behaviors that yield favorable outcomes.
Key Concepts in Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement: An event that follows a response and increases the likelihood of that response being repeated.
- Shaping: The gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior until the behavior is acquired.
- Generalized Stimuli: Similar cues that evoke the same response as the original stimulus.
- Discriminative Stimuli: Signals that influence behavior by indicating potential reinforcement or non-reinforcement outcomes.
Examples of Learning Applications
- Reinforcement examples include studying resulting in better grades, working leading to a paycheck, and extra work earning promotions.
- Operant conditioning illustrated by the relationship between study habits and academic performance, affecting future behavior.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Classical Conditioning with these flashcards from Psychology Chapter 6. Learn about how phobias are acquired and the concepts introduced by Pavlov. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of the fundamental principles of classical conditioning.
