Psychology Experimental Methods Quiz 7

<p>The accuracy of causal conclusions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to manipulate variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling for extraneous variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control of variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-experimental methods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An extraneous variable that covaries with the independent variable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By being free of confounding variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional writing participants receiving counselor interviews while others do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holding conditions constant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random assignment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testing participants differently across varied groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Health, intelligence, and other relevant characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type of writing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To distribute participant characteristics evenly across conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Student satisfaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A relationship must be observed between the IV and DV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confidence that the independent variable caused observed differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional writing is expected to yield better health and academic outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The writing intervention must precede the measurement of health outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focusing on objective descriptions of events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The researcher observes the correlation between variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A variable that is manipulated by the researcher. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying the correlation between dietary habits and weight loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The outcome variable that is measured. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To investigate if writing about emotions affects outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only observational data is collected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring the impact of varying quiz difficulty on performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different individuals participate in each condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures equal sizes of experimental groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failing to randomize participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow for participant expectations to be measured. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To keep both participants and experimenters unaware of condition assignments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using intact groups for experiments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures that results are attributed solely to the independent variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants are assigned to groups based on matching characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves manipulating an independent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariation, time-order relationship, and elimination of alternative explanations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental Method = Manipulates an independent variable Non-Experimental Method = No manipulation of independent variables Observational Study = Studies participants in their natural environment Survey = Collects data through questionnaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the effectiveness of treatments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observing the happiness levels of students based on gender and major (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effect of classroom lighting levels on student attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random assignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variable that is being measured or tested (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental = Involves manipulation of variables to establish cause and effect Non-Experimental = Observes variables without manipulation Independent Variable = The factor manipulated in an experiment Dependent Variable = The outcome measured in relation to the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent variable and dependent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional Writing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariation, Time-order Relationship, Elimination of Plausible Alternative Causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Health Outcome = Number of physician visits Academic Outcome = Students’ GPA Cognitive Change = Frequency of 'insight' keywords Control Technique = Ruling out alternative causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holding conditions constant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The confidence that the independent variable caused the observed differences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that all conditions apart from the independent variable remain consistent and do not affect the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional Writing and Superficial Writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holding Conditions Constant = Ensuring consistency across groups except for the IV Balancing = Equitably distributing participant characteristics across conditions Random Assignment = Randomly assigning participants to eliminate bias Confounding Variable = An extraneous variable that correlates with the IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An extraneous variable that influences both the IV and the DV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When emotional writing participants receive additional counseling support while superficial writing participants do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structured Groups Designs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess whether participant expectations influence outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>double-blind</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random Groups Designs = Participants are assigned randomly to different conditions. Matched Groups Designs = Participants are paired based on shared characteristics. Natural Groups Designs = Groups are formed based on naturally occurring characteristics. Independent Groups Designs = Different individuals participate in each condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps maintain equal group sizes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using intact groups for experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research method where a researcher manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, while controlling other variables.

The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to observe its effect on another variable.

The variable measured to assess the effect of the independent variable in an experiment.

Establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between variables in an experiment.

A research method that does not involve manipulation of independent variables, often focusing on observing and correlating variables.

The extent to which an experiment accurately measures the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable without other factors influencing the results.

The extent to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized to other populations and situations.

Psychologists use experiments to test hypotheses, evaluate treatments, and find causes of behavior rather than just observing.

A research method where a researcher observes relationships between variables without manipulating any.

A framework that includes an independent variable, a dependent variable and at least two conditions

Parts of an experiment where certain variables are controlled

Group in experimental research that receives a special procedure or manipulation of the independent variable

Group in an experiment which does not receive treatment and serves as a comparison group

Writing about deeply personal thoughts and feelings about a specific subject, in this case, coming to college.

Writing about a topic objectively and neutrally, avoiding personal feelings.

Observed relationship between independent and dependent variables.

The cause (IV) must occur before the effect (DV).

Experimentally ruling out other potential explanations for results.

Confounding occurs when an independent variable (IV) we're interested in studying is mixed up with another potential independent variable, making it hard to tell which one is actually causing the effect we see.

This control technique ensures that everything except the independent variable stays the same across all groups in the experiment. This helps isolate the effect of the IV.

This control technique aims to make sure that groups in an experiment are as similar as possible in terms of important characteristics (like age, intelligence, health) before the experiment starts.

The best way to balance participants' characteristics. It makes sure that each person has an equal chance of being in any group in the experiment.

Random assignment helps ensure that any differences between the groups after the experiment are likely due to the independent variable, not pre-existing differences between the participants.

In a study comparing emotional writing to superficial writing on health and academic outcomes, confounding occurs if emotional writing participants also receive counseling. It's unclear if improved outcomes are due to writing type or the additional support.

To control for confounding, the researchers should ensure that both groups of writing participants are tested in the same environment, at the same time of day, and by the same person.

Factors that can influence the dependent variable other than the independent variable, potentially affecting the study's results.

A research design where participants are randomly assigned to different groups, each receiving a different level of the independent variable.

A research design where participants are paired based on similar characteristics before being assigned to different conditions, controlling for potential confounding variables.

A research design where pre-existing groups, defined by a naturally occurring characteristic (like gender or age), are compared on the dependent variable.

Cues or signals in an experiment that might influence participants' behavior, potentially biasing the results.

Unintentional influences of the experimenter's actions on the participants' behavior, potentially affecting the results.

A control group that receives a fake treatment, helping to isolate the effects of expectations and other factors.

Studies where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is in which group, minimizing bias and increasing credibility.

An extraneous factor that's mixed up with the independent variable, making it difficult to determine which variable is actually causing the observed effect.

A research method where a researcher manipulates an independent variable (IV) to see its effect on a dependent variable (DV), while carefully controlling other factors.

A research method that observes relationships between variables without directly manipulating them. It focuses on correlations instead of cause-and-effect.

Testing the effect of different lighting levels on students' attention in a classroom. This involves manipulating the lighting (IV) and measuring attention (DV).

Investigating the correlation between happiness levels and factors like gender, major, and academic standing among students. This involves observing relationships between these variables but not manipulating them.

This study explored whether writing about emotional experiences led to improved outcomes. Participants were assigned to either emotional or superficial writing groups and their well-being was measured.

Researchers need to use control techniques to eliminate other possible explanations for the outcomes.

To confidently say the IV caused the DV, three conditions must be met: Covariation, Time-order Relationship, and Elimination of Plausible Alternative Causes.

In a study comparing emotional writing to superficial writing, the researchers observed that emotional writing groups had fewer doctor visits and better GPAs compared to superficial writing groups.

An experimental design where different individuals participate in each condition of the independent variable.

Factors that can undermine the accuracy of an experiment's results.