Questions and Answers
What is habituation?
What is the mere exposure effect?
The phenomenon where increased exposure to something leads to a greater likelihood of preference for it.
Define classical conditioning.
A type of learning where an individual learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
What is a neutral stimulus?
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
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What is an unconditioned response?
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What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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What is a conditioned response?
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Define extinction in classical conditioning.
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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What does stimulus generalization mean?
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What is stimulus discrimination?
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What is chaining in learning?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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Define primary reinforcer.
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What is a secondary reinforcer?
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Study Notes
Habituation
- Decreasing response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
- Example: Flinching stops when repeatedly flashed with a flashlight.
Mere Exposure Effect
- Increased familiarity with a stimulus leads to preference for it, even if initially disfavored.
- Example: Preference for Ford Focus after seeing it frequently on television.
Classical Conditioning
- Learning to associate two or more stimuli to anticipate an event.
- Example: Linking a loud noise to a fire drill, resulting in an anticipatory response.
Neutral Stimulus
- A stimulus that initially has no association before conditioning.
- Example: The maroon light in the classical conditioning experiment.
Unconditioned Stimulus
- A stimulus that elicits a natural response without prior learning.
- Example: Heat lamp in classical conditioning experiment.
Unconditioned Response
- The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
- Example: Sweating in response to the heat lamp.
Acquisition
- Initial learning phase where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response.
- Example: Associating the maroon light with sweating through repeated exposure.
Conditioned Stimulus
- The originally neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, elicits a conditioned response.
- Example: Maroon light becomes the conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response
- A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
- Example: Sweating as a response to the maroon light after conditioning.
Extinction
- The process of diminishing the conditioned response by no longer pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.
- Example: Breaking the association between the maroon light and sweating by not following the light with the heat lamp.
Spontaneous Recovery
- The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
- Example: Sweating and screaming upon hearing a bell after a long time without exposure.
Stimulus Generalization
- The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- Example: Fear response to tones similar to the bell clanking, varying by similarity.
Stimulus Discrimination
- The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus.
- Example: Fear only triggered by the specific bell tone and not other similar sounds.
Chaining
- Learning a complex behavior by linking simpler tasks in sequence.
- Example: Learning to ride a bike through progressive steps, from mounting to balancing and finally riding.
Positive Reinforcement
- Strengthening a behavior by providing a rewarding consequence.
- Example: Receiving a dollar for successfully cleaning the bathroom.
Negative Reinforcement
- Strengthening a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
- Example: Ending the annoying sound of the fire alarm upon completing chores.
Primary Reinforcer
- A naturally reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a basic need.
- Example: Sleepiness reinforcing the behavior of lying in bed.
Secondary Reinforcer
- A stimulus that becomes reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers.
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Test your knowledge with this set of flashcards covering key terms in psychology, such as 'habituation' and the 'mere exposure effect.' Each card presents a term along with a clear definition and an example to enhance your understanding. Great for students preparing for exams or looking to brush up on their psychology knowledge.