Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is habituation?
What is habituation?
What is the mere exposure effect?
What is the mere exposure effect?
The phenomenon where increased exposure to something leads to a greater likelihood of preference for it.
Define classical conditioning.
Define classical conditioning.
A type of learning where an individual learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
What is a neutral stimulus?
What is a neutral stimulus?
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
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What is an unconditioned response?
What is an unconditioned response?
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What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?
What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
What is a conditioned stimulus?
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What is a conditioned response?
What is a conditioned response?
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Define extinction in classical conditioning.
Define extinction in classical conditioning.
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What is spontaneous recovery?
What is spontaneous recovery?
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What does stimulus generalization mean?
What does stimulus generalization mean?
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What is stimulus discrimination?
What is stimulus discrimination?
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What is chaining in learning?
What is chaining in learning?
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What is positive reinforcement?
What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement?
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Define primary reinforcer.
Define primary reinforcer.
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What is a secondary reinforcer?
What is a secondary reinforcer?
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Study Notes
Habituation
- Decreasing response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
- Example: Flinching stops when repeatedly flashed with a flashlight.
Mere Exposure Effect
- Increased familiarity with a stimulus leads to preference for it, even if initially disfavored.
- Example: Preference for Ford Focus after seeing it frequently on television.
Classical Conditioning
- Learning to associate two or more stimuli to anticipate an event.
- Example: Linking a loud noise to a fire drill, resulting in an anticipatory response.
Neutral Stimulus
- A stimulus that initially has no association before conditioning.
- Example: The maroon light in the classical conditioning experiment.
Unconditioned Stimulus
- A stimulus that elicits a natural response without prior learning.
- Example: Heat lamp in classical conditioning experiment.
Unconditioned Response
- The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
- Example: Sweating in response to the heat lamp.
Acquisition
- Initial learning phase where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response.
- Example: Associating the maroon light with sweating through repeated exposure.
Conditioned Stimulus
- The originally neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, elicits a conditioned response.
- Example: Maroon light becomes the conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response
- A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
- Example: Sweating as a response to the maroon light after conditioning.
Extinction
- The process of diminishing the conditioned response by no longer pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.
- Example: Breaking the association between the maroon light and sweating by not following the light with the heat lamp.
Spontaneous Recovery
- The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
- Example: Sweating and screaming upon hearing a bell after a long time without exposure.
Stimulus Generalization
- The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- Example: Fear response to tones similar to the bell clanking, varying by similarity.
Stimulus Discrimination
- The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus.
- Example: Fear only triggered by the specific bell tone and not other similar sounds.
Chaining
- Learning a complex behavior by linking simpler tasks in sequence.
- Example: Learning to ride a bike through progressive steps, from mounting to balancing and finally riding.
Positive Reinforcement
- Strengthening a behavior by providing a rewarding consequence.
- Example: Receiving a dollar for successfully cleaning the bathroom.
Negative Reinforcement
- Strengthening a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
- Example: Ending the annoying sound of the fire alarm upon completing chores.
Primary Reinforcer
- A naturally reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a basic need.
- Example: Sleepiness reinforcing the behavior of lying in bed.
Secondary Reinforcer
- A stimulus that becomes reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers.
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Description
Test your knowledge with this set of flashcards covering key terms in psychology, such as 'habituation' and the 'mere exposure effect.' Each card presents a term along with a clear definition and an example to enhance your understanding. Great for students preparing for exams or looking to brush up on their psychology knowledge.