Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is our definition of learning?
What is our definition of learning?
A change in behavior as a result of experience.
What are the three types of learning?
What are the three types of learning?
- Classical (respondent) conditioning, 2. Instrumental (operant) conditioning, 3. Information Processing (memory).
What is classical (respondent) conditioning?
What is classical (respondent) conditioning?
Modification of reflexes and involuntary behaviors.
What is instrumental (operant) conditioning?
What is instrumental (operant) conditioning?
What is information processing?
What is information processing?
In classical conditioning, what three things do we need to have?
In classical conditioning, what three things do we need to have?
Does classical conditioning involve voluntary behaviors?
Does classical conditioning involve voluntary behaviors?
What are the three steps involved in classical conditioning?
What are the three steps involved in classical conditioning?
What does reversing classical conditioning involve?
What does reversing classical conditioning involve?
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
What is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
What is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
What is the neutral stimulus (NS)?
What is the neutral stimulus (NS)?
What is the conditioned response (CR)?
What is the conditioned response (CR)?
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
What is pairing in classical conditioning?
What is pairing in classical conditioning?
After pairing occurs, what happens to the NS once learning has occurred?
After pairing occurs, what happens to the NS once learning has occurred?
What is stimulus generalization?
What is stimulus generalization?
Does instrumental conditioning involve involuntary behaviors?
Does instrumental conditioning involve involuntary behaviors?
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
What is reinforcement?
What is reinforcement?
What are the three types of reinforcement?
What are the three types of reinforcement?
What are the roles of R, SR+, SR-, SRA, SD, SP+, and SP-?
What are the roles of R, SR+, SR-, SRA, SD, SP+, and SP-?
Explain shaping in behavior modification.
Explain shaping in behavior modification.
What is the definition of punishment?
What is the definition of punishment?
What are three reasons against using punishment to shape behavior?
What are three reasons against using punishment to shape behavior?
What are the three primary ways we begin to learn about sex and sexuality?
What are the three primary ways we begin to learn about sex and sexuality?
What is the nature vs nurture debate regarding sexual orientation?
What is the nature vs nurture debate regarding sexual orientation?
What is oxytocin and its relation to sexuality?
What is oxytocin and its relation to sexuality?
Why do we want sex?
Why do we want sex?
What is the DSM?
What is the DSM?
What does the nature perspective of homosexuality entail?
What does the nature perspective of homosexuality entail?
What does the nurture perspective of homosexuality entail?
What does the nurture perspective of homosexuality entail?
What is hermaphroditism?
What is hermaphroditism?
What is intersexuality?
What is intersexuality?
What is the guevedoces phenomenon?
What is the guevedoces phenomenon?
How long is the normal gestational period?
How long is the normal gestational period?
What are the three stages of gestation?
What are the three stages of gestation?
What is vernix, lanugo, and fontanelle?
What is vernix, lanugo, and fontanelle?
What is thalidomide?
What is thalidomide?
What are the temporary reflexes infants are born with?
What are the temporary reflexes infants are born with?
What are consequences for infants not being held enough?
What are consequences for infants not being held enough?
What are some advantages of breastfeeding?
What are some advantages of breastfeeding?
List and briefly explain Piaget's four stages of psychosocial development.
List and briefly explain Piaget's four stages of psychosocial development.
What causes discrepancies in memory?
What causes discrepancies in memory?
What is sharpening?
What is sharpening?
What is leveling?
What is leveling?
What is assimilation?
What is assimilation?
What are the five steps in information processing?
What are the five steps in information processing?
What is sensory transduction?
What is sensory transduction?
Why do most people focus more on auditory information than visual?
Why do most people focus more on auditory information than visual?
What is attention?
What is attention?
What is short-term memory (STM)?
What is short-term memory (STM)?
What are three ways to optimize short-term memory?
What are three ways to optimize short-term memory?
What is decay in memory?
What is decay in memory?
Provide an example of chunking.
Provide an example of chunking.
What is long-term memory (LTM)?
What is long-term memory (LTM)?
What is retrieval in memory processing?
What is retrieval in memory processing?
Who is Diane Baumrind?
Who is Diane Baumrind?
Study Notes
Definition of Learning
- Learning is defined as a change in behavior as a result of experience.
Types of Learning
- Three primary types:
- Classical (respondent) conditioning
- Instrumental (operant) conditioning
- Information Processing (memory)
Classical Conditioning
- Involves modification of reflexes through involuntary behaviors.
- Pioneered by Ivan Pavlov.
- Requires unconditioned stimulus (UCS), conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned response (UCR), and conditioned response (CR).
Steps of Classical Conditioning
- Before Conditioning: UCS elicits UCR (reflex).
- During Conditioning: NS and UCS together elicit UCR.
- After Conditioning: CS alone elicits CR.
Key Concepts in Classical Conditioning
- Extinction: Elimination of CR.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of CR after extinction.
- Stimulus Generalization: Similar stimuli elicit a CR.
Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning
- Focuses on voluntary behavior and learning of new behaviors.
- Based on B.F. Skinner's principles, using reinforcement.
Reinforcement
- Defined as anything that increases the behavior that follows.
- Types of reinforcement:
- Positive Reinforcement (SR+): Presentation of something pleasant.
- Negative Reinforcement (SR-): Removal of something aversive.
- Avoidance Reinforcement (SRA): Preventing an aversive condition.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
- Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are repeated; those followed by negative outcomes are not.
Information Processing Steps
- Sensory Transduction: Changing external stimuli to neural impulses.
- Attention: The ability to focus on certain stimuli.
- Short Term Memory (STM): Holds approximately 7 bits of information for 18-24 seconds.
- Long Term Memory (LTM): Relatively permanent storage.
- Retrieval: Accessing information from memory.
Memory Discrepancies
- Memory can be affected by:
- Sharpening: Details remembered due to selective attention.
- Leveling: Details forgotten through selective attention.
- Assimilation: New information tied to existing memory, influenced by personal biases.
Infants and Reflexes
- Infants are born with reflexes like Babinski, rooting, and sucking reflexes.
- Importance of physical contact for healthy development; lack thereof may lead to "Failure to Thrive".
Breastfeeding Benefits
- Facilitates mother-infant bonding and provides essential nutrients.
- Contains antibodies crucial for infant health.
Developmental Stages according to Piaget
- Sensorimotor Stage: Infants explore through senses and motor actions.
- Preoperational Stage: Language develops as a tool for exploration.
- Concrete Operations Stage: Logical thinking begins.
- Formal Operations Stage: Abstract thinking develops.
Nature vs Nurture Debate
- Discusses the influences of biology and environment on sexual orientation.
- Nature suggests biological influences while nurture emphasizes environmental factors.
Gestational Period
- Normal pregnancy lasts about 38 weeks from conception or 40 weeks from last menstrual cycle.
Important Terms in Sexual Development
- Hermaphroditism: Organisms with reproductive organs of both sexes.
- Intersexuality: Presence of both male and female anatomical characteristics.
- Guevedoces: Individuals appearing female at birth who develop male characteristics at puberty.
Thalidomide
- Drug linked to severe birth deformities when taken by pregnant women in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
APGAR Scale
- Developed by Dr. Virginia Apgar to quickly assess newborn health based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration, scored from 0 to 10.
Baumrind's Parenting Styles
- Identified three styles:
- Authoritarian: Rigid and demanding.
- Permissive: Lenient and indulgent.
- Authoritative: Balanced and nurturing.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts of learning in psychology. The cards include definitions and types of learning, including classical and operant conditioning. Perfect for preparing for your PSYC exam!
