1) Perception 1
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Questions and Answers

What is perception generally defined as?

The process of acquiring knowledge about environmental objects or events via the senses.

What are the two main stages of the perceptual process?

  • Sensation and perception (correct)
  • Sensation and interpretation
  • Interpretation and action
  • Perception and awareness

How does sensation contribute to the perceptual process?

Sensation transforms physical stimuli into electrical signals.

What is the role of perception in the perceptual process?

<p>Perception interprets electrical signals for conscious awareness and action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aristotle believed animals needed perception to survive.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has perception evolved to aid organisms?

<p>Perception has evolved to aid the survival and reproduction of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of our senses?

<p>They help us seek out desirable objects and situations and avoid dangerous ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human body only has five senses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines which senses have evolved in different species?

<p>Importance of different types of energy in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All species have the same sensory abilities as humans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perception would not have evolved if it did not provide reasonably accurate information about the world.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perception is a clear and perfect window onto reality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are illusions?

<p>Illusions are situations in which perception differs from reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do illusions often demonstrate about perception?

<p>Illusions can provide insight into the processes of sensation and perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In illusions, our perception of objects is always consistent and accurate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ambiguous figures?

<p>Images that can give rise to two or more distinct perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ambiguous figures are a common element in everyday perception.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ambiguous sounds can also create multiple perceptions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common example of an ambiguous sound?

<p>Laurel or Yanny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do 'impossible objects' demonstrate about perception?

<p>Sometimes sensory input is interpreted by the brain as representing objects or scenarios that are physically impossible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Illusions prove that perception is a clear and direct window onto reality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main influences on perception, according to the text?

<p>Current sensory input and existing knowledge about the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of processing that influence perception?

<p>Top-down and bottom-up processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is top-down processing?

<p>Top-down processing uses knowledge about the structure of the world to influence perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bottom-up processing?

<p>Bottom-up processing takes information from the senses and makes judgements about the nature of the world based on this information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perception is always solely driven by either top-down or bottom-up processing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind constructivist theories of perception?

<p>Emphasize the importance of top-down processing in perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Helmholtz's perspective on perception?

<p>Inadequate information from the senses is augmented by unconscious inference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the core assumptions of the constructivist approach to perception?

<p>Perception is an active and constructive process, an end-product of the presented stimulus and internal factors, and prone to error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Gregory's core idea about perception?

<p>Perception is a dynamic search for the best interpretation of available data, going beyond the immediately given evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Constructivist theories suggest that many illusions are best understood as 'perceptual errors'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea behind direct theories of perception?

<p>Emphasize the importance of bottom-up processing in perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did James Gibson argue about the constructivist approach?

<p>The constructivist approach may underestimate the richness of the sensory evidence we receive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibson suggested that the perceiver is an active participant in the environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind the modern 'information processing approach' to perception?

<p>Perception is viewed as a computational process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the information processing approach to perception?

<p>Acquisition, processing, storage, and recall of data in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main scientific approaches to studying perception?

<p>Psychophysics, neurophysiology, and psychophysiology/brain imaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of psychophysics in studying perception?

<p>Measure the relationship between stimulus and perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of neurophysiology in studying perception?

<p>Measure the relationship between a stimulus and the physiological response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of psychophysiology and brain imaging in studying perception?

<p>Measure the relationship between physiological responses and perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main stages of the perceptual process, according to the summary?

<p>Sensation and perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sensation involve?

<p>Energy from physical stimuli in the environment stimulates sensory receptors, which are converted to neural impulses sent to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Perception

The process of acquiring knowledge about the environment through our senses.

Sensation

The conversion of physical stimuli into electrical signals that the brain can interpret.

Perception (as a stage)

The process of interpreting sensory signals for conscious awareness and action.

Distal stimuli

Physical stimuli from the environment.

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Proximal stimuli

The representation of the distal stimuli that reaches our senses.

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Senses of other species

The ability to sense energies beyond the range of human perception.

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Illusions

Situations where our perception differs from reality.

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Illusions (perceiving things that are not present)

A type of illusion where we perceive objects in locations where there is no visual stimulus.

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Illusions (perceptual distortions)

A type of illusion where our perception of an object is distorted.

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Ambiguous figures

Images that can give rise to two or more distinct perceptions.

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Impossible objects

Perceptions that are physically impossible, but our brain interprets them as real.

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Top-down processing

Using knowledge about the world to influence perception.

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Bottom-up processing

Processing sensory information as it is received, without using prior knowledge.

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Constructivist theories

A theory emphasizing the importance of top-down processes in perception.

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Unconscious inference

Unconscious inferences used to augment the limited information received by our senses.

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Constructivist theory (assumptions)

A theory suggesting that perception is an active and constructive process, prone to error.

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Perception as inference

The idea that perception is an active process of searching for the best interpretation of the available sensory data.

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Illusions as rational inferences

Explaining illusions as rational inferences based on our knowledge and assumptions about the world.

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Direct theories of perception

A theory emphasizing the importance of bottom-up processes in perception.

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Environmental cues

Cues in the environment that provide rich information about the structure of the world.

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Information processing paradigm

The modern approach to studying perception as a computational process.

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Psychophysics

A scientific approach to studying perception by measuring the relationship between stimuli and perception.

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Neurophysiology

A scientific approach to studying perception by measuring the relationship between stimuli and physiological responses.

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Psychophysiology & brain imaging/stimulation

A scientific approach to studying perception by measuring the relationship between physiological responses and perception.

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Sensation (simplified)

The process of converting energy from physical stimuli into neural impulses.

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Perception (simplified)

The processing and interpretation of sensory signals received from the brain.

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Top-down processing (simplified)

Using context and prior knowledge in perception, like recognizing an object based on what you already know.

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Bottom-up processing (simplified)

Processing sensory information as it arrives, without using prior knowledge, like identifying a shape based solely on lines and colours.

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Study Notes

Cognitive Psychology 1 - Perception

  • The course covers Perception I: Sensation and Perception, taught by Dr. Chung Kai Li.
  • Key reading materials include Goldstein, Wolfe, Kluender, & Levi, Snowden, Thompson, & Troscianko.
  • The lectures cover Sensation and Perception, Brightness and Colour, Depth and Visual Scene Analysis, Loudness and Pitch, and Localisation and Auditory Scene Analysis.
  • The learning objectives include describing the perceptual process, identifying situations where perception differs from reality, distinguishing top-down and bottom-up processing, and describing the modern scientific approach to studying perception.
  • Perception is defined as the process of acquiring knowledge about environmental objects or events through the senses.
  • The perceptual process is split into two stages:
    • Sensation - transforming physical stimuli into electrical signals.
    • Perception - interpreting these signals for conscious awareness and action.
  • The perceptual process involves distal stimuli (the object itself), proximal stimuli (the stimulus as it reaches the senses), sensation (converting that stimulus into neural signals), and perception (the brain processing and interpreting the signals.)
  • Perception has evolved to aid survival and reproduction.
  • All senses help us locate desirable objects and situations and avoid dangerous ones.
  • Humans have 5 main senses (or more).
  • The importance of different types of energy in the environment determines which senses have evolved.
    • Some species perceive energies humans don't (e.g., caribou detecting UV light, elephants sensing low-frequency sounds, snakes detecting infrared radiation).
  • Perception is not a perfect window onto reality, it can be inaccurate as shown by illusions.
    • Illusions are situations where perception differs from reality, including the Lilac chaser, the Hermann grid illusion, and various other visual and auditory illusions.
    • Impossible objects also illustrate how sensory input can be misinterpreted by the brain.

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing

  • Top-down processing uses prior knowledge and context to interpret sensory input. Constructivist theories emphasize this.
  • Bottom-up processing interprets sensory information as it is received. Gibson's direct theory of perception highlights this approach.
  • Both top-down and bottom-up processing are important for perception, both are used concurrently and perception is frequently modified by knowledge.

Constructivist Theories

  • These theories emphasize top-down processing and claim sensory information is augmented by unconscious inference.
  • Examples include Helmholtz's approach and Ibn al-Haytham's earlier ideas about this concept.
  • They assume that perception is an active, constructive process and is influenced by internal factors like expectations. Perception can contain errors.
  • Perception is interpreted differently by various individuals.
  • Examples mentioned are Gregory, Bruner, and Neisser.

Direct Theories of Perception

  • These theories emphasize bottom-up processing.
  • James Gibson argued that the constructivist approach may underestimate the wealth of sensory evidence we can perceive.
  • There are diverse cues in the environment that convey substantial details.
  • The perceiver actively interacts with the environment, which is necessary for extracting useful information.

Information Processing Paradigm

  • This paradigm examines perception as a computational process.
  • It concentrates on acquiring, processing, storing, and recalling sensory data in the brain, as shown by its focus on the stages between input and output.
  • It uses insights from other scientific approaches alongside its focus on computational steps.

Key Scientific Approaches

  • Modern studies using psychophysics, neurophysiology, and psychophysiology investigate the perceptual process through different lenses.
    • Psychophysics examines the relationship between stimulus and perception.
    • Neurophysiology investigates the relationship between stimulus and the physiological response (neural activity).
    • Psychophysiology and brain imaging/stimulation study the relationship between physiological responses and perception.

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Related Documents

PSGY1010 Cognitive Psychology 1 Perception 1 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of perception in the Cognitive Psychology course taught by Dr. Chung Kai Li. This quiz covers key concepts such as sensation and perception, depth analysis, and the distinction between top-down and bottom-up processing, based on essential readings and lectures.

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