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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Broca's Area?
What is the primary function of Broca's Area?
Wernicke's Area is responsible for the production of language.
Wernicke's Area is responsible for the production of language.
False
What term describes the concept that the brain hemispheres control opposite sides of the body?
What term describes the concept that the brain hemispheres control opposite sides of the body?
Contralateral Organization
The ______ connects the two hemispheres of the brain and relays messages between them.
The ______ connects the two hemispheres of the brain and relays messages between them.
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Match the area of the brain with its function:
Match the area of the brain with its function:
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What does tolerance refer to in the context of psychoactive drugs?
What does tolerance refer to in the context of psychoactive drugs?
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Physical dependence is characterized by cravings that disrupt normal functioning.
Physical dependence is characterized by cravings that disrupt normal functioning.
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What are the short-term effects of stimulants like caffeine and cocaine?
What are the short-term effects of stimulants like caffeine and cocaine?
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The psychological aspect of dependence involves cravings for drugs or certain behaviors that disrupt __________.
The psychological aspect of dependence involves cravings for drugs or certain behaviors that disrupt __________.
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Match the following types of drugs with their short-term effects:
Match the following types of drugs with their short-term effects:
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What is the primary role of the cerebral cortex?
What is the primary role of the cerebral cortex?
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Damage to the occipital lobes can result in the loss of hearing.
Damage to the occipital lobes can result in the loss of hearing.
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What could be a consequence of damage to the parietal lobes?
What could be a consequence of damage to the parietal lobes?
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The _______ cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movement.
The _______ cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movement.
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Match the brain lobe with its function:
Match the brain lobe with its function:
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What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex?
What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex?
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What does an agonist do when it binds to a receptor site?
What does an agonist do when it binds to a receptor site?
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An antagonist can fully activate a receptor when it binds to it.
An antagonist can fully activate a receptor when it binds to it.
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What is the role of reuptake inhibitors in neurotransmission?
What is the role of reuptake inhibitors in neurotransmission?
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An example of an inhibitory neurotransmission action is pushing down on a ______.
An example of an inhibitory neurotransmission action is pushing down on a ______.
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Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
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What is the primary function of the medulla?
What is the primary function of the medulla?
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Damage to the cerebellum can lead to difficulty in walking and balancing.
Damage to the cerebellum can lead to difficulty in walking and balancing.
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What emotional responses are associated with the amygdala?
What emotional responses are associated with the amygdala?
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The ______ is involved in directing maintenance activities like eating and drinking.
The ______ is involved in directing maintenance activities like eating and drinking.
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Match the brain structures with their functions:
Match the brain structures with their functions:
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What is a consequence of damage to the hypothalamus?
What is a consequence of damage to the hypothalamus?
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The thalamus only sends sensory information to the cerebellum.
The thalamus only sends sensory information to the cerebellum.
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Describe one effect of damage to the reticular formation.
Describe one effect of damage to the reticular formation.
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What is the main use of an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?
What is the main use of an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?
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A Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is primarily used for identifying the structure of the brain.
A Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is primarily used for identifying the structure of the brain.
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What does MRI stand for and what does it primarily assess?
What does MRI stand for and what does it primarily assess?
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The ________ technique reveals both structure and function of the brain.
The ________ technique reveals both structure and function of the brain.
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Match the brain imaging techniques with their primary function:
Match the brain imaging techniques with their primary function:
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Which brain imaging method is primarily used for identification rather than causation?
Which brain imaging method is primarily used for identification rather than causation?
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The Lesioning Procedure is used to study brain structure only.
The Lesioning Procedure is used to study brain structure only.
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What is the significance of glucose consumption in a PET scan?
What is the significance of glucose consumption in a PET scan?
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______ methods like fMRI provide insights into the brain’s responses to stimuli.
______ methods like fMRI provide insights into the brain’s responses to stimuli.
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Match the imaging technique with its purpose:
Match the imaging technique with its purpose:
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What is the result of an under supply of serotonin?
What is the result of an under supply of serotonin?
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Dopamine is associated with depression when there is a surplus of this neurotransmitter.
Dopamine is associated with depression when there is a surplus of this neurotransmitter.
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What is Acetylcholine primarily responsible for?
What is Acetylcholine primarily responsible for?
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Epinephrine is often associated with feelings of __________.
Epinephrine is often associated with feelings of __________.
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Match the neurotransmitter with its function:
Match the neurotransmitter with its function:
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What condition is linked to high levels of Substance P?
What condition is linked to high levels of Substance P?
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An oversupply of GABA is linked to seizures.
An oversupply of GABA is linked to seizures.
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What mnemonic device is associated with dopamine?
What mnemonic device is associated with dopamine?
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High levels of endorphins can lead to a __________.
High levels of endorphins can lead to a __________.
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the enhancement of mood and sleep regulation?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the enhancement of mood and sleep regulation?
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Study Notes
Tolerance
- With repeated use of a substance the effect lessens
- User requires larger doses to achieve the same effect
Dependence
- Psychological: Strong cravings for drugs or behaviors that disrupt the individual's life
- Physical: Negative physical symptoms occur when drug use stops
Types of Drugs and Their Effects
- Depressants (Alcohol): Slows down neural activity and body functions
- Opioids: Effects include pain relief, euphoria, and drowsiness.
- Stimulants (Caffeine, Cocaine): Increase neural activity and body functions
- Hallucinogens (Marijuana, THC): Distort perception and create sensory experiences without any sensory input
Hemispheres
- Broca's area: Located in the left frontal lobe, responsible for language production. Damage causes an inability to speak.
- Wernicke's Area: Located in the left temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension. Damage causes an inability to understand language.
- Association Areas: Found in the cerebral cortex, responsible for complex cognitive functions like memories and decision-making.
- Plasticity: The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience.
- Corpus Callosum: Large band of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres, enabling communication between them.
- Right Hemisphere: Controls the left side of the body, specializes in visual processing, spatial reasoning, and creativity.
- Left Hemisphere: Controls the right side of the body, excels in analytical thinking, language processing, and logical reasoning.
- Split Brain Research: Studies individuals whose corpus callosum has been severed, revealing the specialized functions of each hemisphere
- Contralateral Organization: Each hemisphere primarily controls the opposite side of the body.
Cerebral Cortex
- Cerebral Cortex: Outer layer of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions.
- Frontal Lobes: Located at the front of the brain, responsible for planning, judgment, and voluntary movement. Damage can disrupt personality and inhibitions.
- Parietal Lobes: Located on the top and rear of the brain, responsible for processing sensory information, including touch and body position. Damage can lead to sensory impairments.
- Occipital Lobes: Located at the back of the brain, responsible for visual processing. Damage can cause blindness.
- Temporal Lobes: Located near the ears, responsible for auditory processing and memory. Damage can cause hearing loss.
- Prefrontal Cortex: Frontmost part of the frontal lobes, responsible for executive functions like planning and decision-making.
- Motor Cortex: Area at the back of the frontal lobes, controls voluntary movements.
- Somatosensory Cortex: Area at the front of the parietal lobes, processes sensory information from the body, including touch and movement sensations.
- Auditory Cortex: Processes sound information.
- Visual Cortex: Processes visual information.
Brain
- Brain Stem: Oldest part of the brain, responsible for basic survival functions like breathing and heartbeat. Damage can be fatal.
- Medulla: Base of the brainstem, controls vital functions like heartbeat and breathing. Damage is fatal.
- Thalamus: Sensory control center, relays sensory information to the cortex. Damage can disrupt sensory processing.
- Reticular Formation/ Reticular Activating System: Nerve network involved in regulating arousal and consciousness. Damage can impair alertness and wakefulness.
- Cerebellum: Located at the rear of the brainstem, coordinates movement, balance, and motor learning. Damage can disrupt motor coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.
Limbic System
- Amygdala: Linked to emotions, particularly fear and aggression. Damage can impair emotional regulation and increase aggression.
- Hypothalamus: Regulates basic drives like hunger, thirst, and body temperature. Damage can disrupt these drives and bodily functions.
- Hippocampus: Plays a crucial role in forming new memories. Damage can cause memory loss and impaired learning.
Imaging the Brain
- Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures electrical activity in the brain, used to study brain states like sleep and wakefulness.
- Computerized Tomography (CT): Utilizes x-rays to create images of the brain, used for identifying structural abnormalities.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Uses radioactive tracers to measure brain activity, revealing areas of increased metabolic activity.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses magnetic fields to create detailed images of brain structures.
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Measures changes in blood flow to reveal areas of brain activity, providing information about both structure and function.
- Lesioning Procedure: Involves damaging a specific area of the brain to study its function.
Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine: Influences movement, learning, alertness, and mood; part of the brain's reward system. High levels are linked to Schizophrenia, while low levels are associated with Parkinson's Disease and depression.
- Serotonin: Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Low levels are associated with depression, while high levels are associated with mania.
- Acetylcholine: Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. Deterioration of acetylcholine-producing cells is linked to Alzheimer's disease.
- Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine: Help control alertness and arousal. Low levels are associated with depression, while high levels are associated with anxiety and insomnia.
- GABA (Inhibitory): A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Low levels are linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.
- Glutamate (Excitatory): A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory. High levels can cause seizures or migraines, while low levels may be linked to dementia or Alzheimer's disease.
- Substance P: Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in pain perception. Blocking substance P can relieve pain.
- Endorphins: Natural painkillers and pleasure-inducing neurotransmitters. High levels are linked to runner's high.
Neurotransmission
- Inhibitory: Decreases the frequency of action potentials.
- Excitatory: Increases the frequency of action potentials.
- Agonist: A molecule that binds to a receptor and activates it. Ex: Opiates.
- Antagonist: A molecule that binds to a receptor and blocks its activation. Ex: Botulin.
- Reuptake Inhibitor: A drug that prevents the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter, increasing its presence at the synapse.
Diagram Explanation
- Agonists: Bind to receptors and activate them.
- Antagonists: Bind to receptors and block their activation.
- Antagonist Alone: Binds to the receptor, preventing activation.
- Agonist and Antagonist: Both bind to receptors, resulting in decreased activation.
Neurotransmission (Continued)
- Action Potential: A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon.
- Resting Potential: The state of the neuron when it is not firing.
- Refractory Period: The period after a neuron has fired when it is unable to fire again.
- Firing Threshold: The level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential.
- All-or-none Response: A neuron either fires with full strength or it does not fire at all.
- Reuptake: The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron.
- Depolarization: The process of the neuron becoming more positively charged, enabling the action potential to travel down the axon.
Neuron Diagram
- Nucleus: The control center of the neuron.
- Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nutrients and protection for the nucleus.
- Dendrites: Receive information from other neurons and send it to the nucleus.
- Axon: Carries messages from the nucleus to other neurons.
- Myelin Sheath: A fatty layer around the axon that increases the speed of signal transmission.
- Axon Terminals/Axon Buttons: The end of the neuron where neurotransmitters are released.
- Synapse: The gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
Neuron Types and Functions
- Glial Cells: Surround neurons and support their function.
- Sensory Neurons (Afferent): Carry messages from the sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord.
- Motor Neurons (Efferent): Carry messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
- Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons, allowing for complex neural communication.
- Reflex Arc: A neural pathway for reflexes, where sensory neurons directly connect to motor neurons, bypassing the brain.
Reflex Arc Diagram
- Stimulus: An event that triggers a reflex.
- Receptor: A specialized cell that detects the stimulus.
- Sensory Neuron: Carries the message from the receptor to the spinal cord.
- Association Neuron: Connects the sensory neuron to the motor neuron.
- Motor Neuron: Carries the message from the spinal cord to the effector.
- Effector: A muscle or gland that produces the response.
- Response: The reaction to the stimulus.
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Description
Explore the critical concepts of tolerance and dependence in substance use and their impact on behavior. Discover the types of drugs, their effects, and learn about significant areas of the brain related to language production and comprehension. This quiz helps deepen your understanding of psychology related to substances and brain functions.
