Psychology: Developmental Theories Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of the preoperational stage in Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

  • Ability to understand abstract concepts
  • Focus on multiple aspects of a situation
  • Mastery of logic for problem-solving
  • Use of symbols and language begins (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the concrete operational stage?

  • Development of abstract thinking (correct)
  • Ability to classify objects systematically
  • Ability to solve concrete problems using logic
  • Understanding of conservation concepts

How does self-actualization relate to personal growth?

  • It involves balancing self-worth, self-image, and ideal self. (correct)
  • It focuses solely on social influences.
  • It requires disregarding one's self-image.
  • It can only be achieved at the concrete operational stage.

What is an example of egocentrism in children according to Piaget's preoperational stage?

<p>Difficulty understanding other people's perspectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the rooting reflex in infants?

<p>To assist in finding food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory emphasize in personal development?

<p>Relationships within five different environmental systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is characterized by the baby throwing back their head and extending their arms in response to a loud noise?

<p>Moro reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does proximodistal development progress in infants?

<p>From the core toward the extremities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the suck reflex typically last after it develops?

<p>4 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development does Arnold Gesell's maturational theory emphasize?

<p>A predetermined plan of growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is responsible for decision-making and is the last to fully develop?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a teratogen that can adversely affect prenatal development?

<p>Alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what is essential for moral development to occur?

<p>Interpersonal relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Noam Chomsky's Theory of Universal Grammar?

<p>Intrinsic ability to learn language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about teen brain development is correct?

<p>Teens are more likely to make emotional decisions due to a faster-developing limbic system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does pre-conventional morality typically develop?

<p>0-9 years old (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of pre-conventional morality is characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment?

<p>Obedience &amp; Punishment orientation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do children start to recognize that different people can have different viewpoints?

<p>Stage 2: Individualism &amp; Exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of conventional morality?

<p>Moral standards and authority are internalized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the conventional morailty stage of 'Maintaining Social Order', what motivates a child's behavior?

<p>Obeying societal rules to avoid guilt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of post-conventional morality?

<p>Self-chosen principles and moral reasoning based on rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Stage 5: Social Contract/Individual Rights emphasize?

<p>Rules exist for societal benefit but may be challenged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals develop their own moral guidelines in Stage 6?

<p>By developing personal principles that may not align with the law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the test on moral reasoning?

<p>To track the development of moral reasoning over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of emotional intelligence is most significantly influenced by early childhood experiences?

<p>Development of empathy and emotional awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Attachment Theory?

<p>Attachment to caregivers is essential for personal development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do babies typically show distress when a caregiver leaves?

<p>Clear-Cut Attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does language acquisition in children differ from that in adults?

<p>Children acquire language skills through social exposure rather than formal education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance children's problem-solving skills according to early development theories?

<p>Stimulating their senses through various activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily shapes self-esteem according to the concept discussed?

<p>Comparison with others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is NOT typically recognized as part of early emotional intelligence development?

<p>Anger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of cognitive development do individuals begin to think abstractly and understand the flexibility of rules?

<p>Formal Operational (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves refusing to accept external realities that are too overwhelming?

<p>Denial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the id represent in Freud's model of the psyche?

<p>Instinctual desires (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing sensory information such as touch and pain?

<p>Parietal Lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to which part of the brain is likely to affect your memory and language skills?

<p>Temporal Lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motor skills involve the coordination of smaller movements in hands and fingers?

<p>Fine motor skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable feelings to someone else?

<p>Projection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved in interpreting visual stimuli?

<p>Occipital Lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of the ego?

<p>It functions according to the reality principle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling involuntary processes such as breathing and heartbeat?

<p>Brain Stem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might indicate regression in an individual under stress?

<p>Sucking their thumb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cerebellum play in human development?

<p>It coordinates voluntary movements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves making excuses or rationalizations for behavior?

<p>Rationalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is primarily associated with auditory processing and memory?

<p>Temporal Lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Self-Actualization

The process of fulfilling one's potential and becoming the best version of oneself by finding balance between self-worth, self-image, and ideal self.

Ecological Systems Theory

A theory that explains how an individual's development is influenced by their interactions within five different environmental systems.

Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of Piaget's cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, where infants learn through sensory experiences and basic motor actions.

Preoperational Stage

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive development, from ages 2 to 7, where children begin to use symbols and language but may still struggle with abstract concepts.

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Concrete Operational Stage

The third stage of Piaget's cognitive development, from ages 7 to 12, where children can logically reason about concrete problems but still struggle with abstract thought.

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Egocentrism

A stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development where children's thinking is centered around themselves and they have difficulty understanding other perspectives.

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Animism

A stage where children treat inanimate objects as if they were alive and have human-like qualities.

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Centration

A stage in Piaget's theory where children tend to focus only on one aspect of a situation, making it difficult to see the bigger picture.

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Teratogens

Harmful substances that can cause abnormal development in a fetus during pregnancy.

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Prefrontal Cortex

The part of the brain responsible for making decisions and considering consequences. It develops last and continues maturing into adulthood.

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Limbic System

Part of the brain that processes emotions and develops faster than the prefrontal cortex in teens, leading to impulsive decisions.

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Striatum

The brain structure involved in processing rewards and motivations. It's highly active in children, making them sensitive to rewards and punishments.

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Universal Grammar

Noam Chomsky's theory stating that humans have an innate ability to learn language, with shared basic rules called universal grammar.

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Rooting Reflex

A reflex triggered when the corner of a baby's mouth is touched, causing them to turn, open their mouth, and move toward the touch, helping them find the breast or bottle. This reflex persists for about 4 months.

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Suck Reflex

A reflex triggered by touching the roof of a baby's mouth, causing them to suck. This reflex develops around the 32nd week of pregnancy, and premature babies may have weaker sucking.

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Moro Reflex (Startle Reflex)

A reflex triggered by a loud sound or sudden movement, causing the baby to throw back their head, extend arms and legs, cry, and then pull them back in. This reflex typically lasts for about 2 months.

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Tonic Neck Reflex

A reflex that occurs when a baby's head turns to one side, causing the arm on that side to stretch out and the opposite arm to bend. This resembles a fencing position and lasts for roughly 5 to 7 months.

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Maturational Theory of Child Development

A theory proposing that child development unfolds according to a predetermined, naturally occurring plan of growth, meaning it occurs naturally.

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Personal Interests

Focuses on the benefits of an action to oneself or close others.

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Maintaining Norms

Prioritizes following rules, laws, and social norms.

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Postconventional Thinking

Considers justice, human rights, and universal moral principles.

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Emotional Intelligence

The ability to understand and manage your own emotions, as well as those of others.

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Self Concept

A person's understanding of who they are, formed by their experiences and roles.

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Self Esteem

The overall emotional evaluation of yourself, based on how you compare to others.

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Attachment Theory

The theory that strong emotional bonds with caregivers are crucial for development.

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Stages of Attachment

Stages of attachment development, starting from early infancy.

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Obedience & Punishment Orientation

A stage where moral reasoning is guided by the avoidance of punishment. Children believe that actions are right or wrong based on the consequence they bring.

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Individualism & Exchange

Recognition that different people have different viewpoints and that rules can be flexible. Children begin to understand that what's right for one person might not be right for another.

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Good Interpersonal Relationships

Moral reasoning is based on fitting in and being seen as good by others. Children focus on being liked and accepted by their peers, acting to maintain positive relationships.

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Maintaining Social Order

Children understand societal rules and expectations. They follow rules to avoid breaking them and the consequences that come with it. They prioritize maintaining order.

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Social Contract/ Individual Rights

Moral reasoning is based on self-chosen principles and individual rights. People understand that rules exist for the greater good but may sometimes break them based on personal morality.

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Universal Principles

Individuals develop their own moral code based on universal principles, like justice or fairness. These principles might not always align with societal laws.

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Moral Reasoning

The ability to reason about moral dilemmas and make judgments based on one's own values. It involves understanding and applying moral principles to different situations.

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Rest's Moral Reasoning Test

This test measures moral reasoning by presenting participants with moral dilemmas. Participants rate and rank issue statements based on their personal values and beliefs, revealing their level of moral reasoning.

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Formal Operational Stage

The most advanced stage of cognitive development, characterized by abstract thinking, logical problem-solving, and understanding that rules are flexible.

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Repression

An unconscious defense mechanism that prevents disturbing or threatening thoughts from reaching consciousness.

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Denial

An unconscious defense mechanism that involves blocking out external events from awareness, especially when they are overwhelming.

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Projection

An unconscious defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person.

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Displacement

An unconscious defense mechanism where an impulse, especially aggression, is redirected towards a substitute object.

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Regression

An unconscious defense mechanism where an individual reverts to a more immature or childlike behavior in response to stress.

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Sublimation

An unconscious defense mechanism where an impulse is channeled into a socially acceptable behavior.

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Intellectualization

An unconscious defense mechanism where an individual tries to understand a negative event through logic and reasoning.

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Reaction Formation

An unconscious defense mechanism where an individual behaves in a way that is the opposite of their true feelings or impulses to cope with a threatening situation.

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Rationalization

An unconscious defense mechanism where an individual justifies their actions or behaviors by distorting reality.

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Id

The part of the psyche that is irrational, instinctual, and unconscious. It operates on the principle of pleasure.

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Superego

The part of the psyche that acts as an internal sensor, mostly unconscious. It is derived from societal values, morals, and beliefs and operates on the principle of morality.

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Ego

The part of the psyche that is rational, logical, and mostly conscious. It acts as a mediator between the Id and Superego, operating on the principle of reality.

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Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain located at the front, responsible for higher-level thinking, reasoning, motor skills, and language.

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Parietal Lobe

The part of the brain located in the middle, responsible for processing sensory information like touch, pressure, and pain.

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Study Notes

Structuralist Theoretical Perspectives

  • Freud's Psychoanalytic Approach focuses on resolving conflicts between conscious and unconscious feelings. It explores the dream state and hidden mental processes.
  • Psychosexual Drive Theory observes predictable stages of childhood development focused on bodily areas (e.g., the mouth during breastfeeding, the anus during toilet training).
  • Psychosocial Development explores how psychological and social factors shape mental wellness and function.

Behavioural Theoretical Perspectives

  • Pavlov's Classical Conditioning describes how a neutral stimulus (like a bell) becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., food), leading to a conditioned response (e.g., salivation).
  • Watson's Theory of Behaviourism focuses on observable behavior demonstrated by conditioning emotional responses. In one experiment, a 9-month-old boy, Albert, was conditioned to fear a white rat.
  • Skinner's Operant Conditioning focuses on learning through rewards and punishments. An example is parents praising a child for helpful behavior, encouraging them to repeat the helpful action.

Cognitive Theoretical Perspectives

  • Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling, citing the Bobo doll experiment.
  • Vygotsky's Social Development Theory highlights learning within the zone of proximal development (ZPD), guided by adults or peers, emphasizing the importance of role models.

Humanistic Theoretical Perspectives

  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests individuals must fulfill lower-level deficit needs (e.g., physiological needs like food, water) before progressing to higher-level growth needs (e.g., belongingness and love, esteem needs, self-actualization).
  • Rogers' Theory of Personality emphasizes self-actualization, the process of achieving one's full potential, involving balancing self-worth, self-image, and the ideal self.

Systemic Theoretical Perspectives

  • Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory examines how individuals' relationships within five environmental systems influence personal development. It links personal development to social and community influences.
  • Piaget's stages of cognitive development outline different stages like sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, each with different characteristics and abilities.

Defense Mechanisms

  • Unconscious coping mechanisms used by the ego to keep disturbing/threatening thoughts from becoming conscious (like repression). This includes other mechanisms like denial.

Parts of the Brain

  • The frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher-level cognition, and expressive language.
  • The parietal lobe processes tactile sensory information like pressure and pain.
  • The temporal lobe is essential for auditory processing and language comprehension.
  • The occipital lobe interprets visual information.

Physical Development in Infants

  • Gross motor skills involve large body movements (e.g., running).
  • Fine motor skills are involved in smaller movements (e.g., writing).
  • Several reflexes (rotting, sucking, moro, tonic neck, and grasp) are present in infants.

Maturational Theory of Child Development

  • Arnold Gesell believed development follows a predetermined, naturally unfolding plan of growth.
  • Cephalocaudal development means growth occurs from head to toe.
  • Proximodistal means growth occurs from the center of the body outwards.

Intelligence

  • Emotional intelligence develops from birth and is influenced by nurturing and early childhood experiences.
  • Speech acquisition is highly dependent on exposure to language.
  • Logic and math skills develop in conjunction with sensory input and spatial reasoning.

Influences of Identity and Personality Development

  • Self-concept refers to a person's understanding of themselves.
  • Self-esteem reflects a person's evaluation of their worth.
  • Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of a primary caregiver for personal development, with Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure used to study attachment styles. 
  • Attachment styles include secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized.

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HHG4M1 Exam Review PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts within developmental psychology, focusing on Piaget's stages, Bronfenbrenner's theory, and various reflexes in infants. This quiz covers essential characteristics of cognitive development and the factors influencing personal growth. Prepare to explore the intriguing aspects of how humans develop from infancy through childhood.

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