Psychology: Crystallized Intelligence and Aging

Accumulated knowledge, reflected in vocabulary and analogy tests.

Ability to reason quickly and abstractly, such as with logic problems.

Research comparing people of different ages at the same time.

Research following and retesting the same people over time.

Early childhood observations and intelligence tests are unreliable predictors of future aptitudes, but accuracy increases with age (age 4 onwards).

Consistency of intelligence scores increases as children grow older. Scores become highly stable by age 11.

Fluid intelligence reaches its peak in one's 20s or 30s.

IQ scores at age 11 are often similar to scores at age 80.

More intelligent individuals tend to live healthier and longer lives.

Reduced intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors.

A condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to varying degrees of intellectual disability and associated physical characteristics.

The observed trend of increasing IQ scores over generations, possibly due to better nutrition, education, and technology.

When labeling someone as gifted or ungifted can lead them to live up to or down to those expectations.

Placing students into different academic groups based on perceived ability, which can lead to segregation and prejudice.

Comparing identical twins raised together and separately to understand the influence of genetics and environment on intelligence.

Twins that share the same genetic makeup.

Comparing the intelligence of adopted children to their biological and adoptive parents to assess genetic and environmental contributions.

Identical twins raised together exhibit very similar intelligence scores, suggesting a strong genetic component.

The idea of placing students in educational environments that best suit their individual needs and abilities, rather than relying on labels like 'gifted' or 'ungifted'.

Identical twins have very similar intelligence test scores. This suggests that genetics plays a major role in intelligence.

Fraternal twins have more variation in intelligence scores compared to identical twins. This highlights the impact of environment on intelligence.

The percentage of variation in intelligence scores within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences.

The heritability of intelligence is estimated to be between 50% and 80%, meaning genes play a significant role in intelligence.

Identical twins have similar brain structure, particularly in areas associated with verbal and spatial intelligence.

Environmental factors like upbringing and access to resources can also influence intelligence.

Adopting children from deprived environments into more supportive ones can improve their intelligence scores.

The heritability of intelligence appears to increase as we age.

Severe deprivation of care and stimulation can negatively impact a child's intelligence.

Early intervention programs can improve intelligence in children from deprived backgrounds.

Intelligence tests designed to minimize cultural bias, aiming for questions that are equally familiar and accessible to people from diverse backgrounds.

The anxiety experienced by individuals who fear being judged based on negative stereotypes associated with their group.

Expectations about performance can significantly influence actual outcomes, even if those expectations are based on inaccurate stereotypes.

Individuals who believe that certain groups perform poorly on intelligence tests may perform worse themselves due to stereotype threat.

Questions designed to be equally accessible and understandable across different cultural backgrounds, minimizing the influence of specific cultural knowledge.

Early schooling and intelligence interventions can lead to better later outcomes, improving cognitive and social skills. However, these gains often fade over time.

The interaction of genetics and environment influencing intelligence. It demonstrates how nature and nurture collaborate.

The belief that intelligence can be developed through effort and learning. This fosters a focus on growth and improvement.

Praising effort and challenges instead of innate intelligence helps teens understand that hard work leads to success and promotes resilience.

Ability combined with opportunity and motivation leads to success.

Low-income students with a growth mindset have shown comparable academic performance to middle-income students with a fixed mindset.

Men and women exhibit very minor differences in overall intelligence (g factor).

Girls tend to outperform boys in areas like spelling, verbal fluency, and object location.

Boys typically outperform girls in spatial abilities like geometry and fitting objects together.

The gender differences in cognitive strengths likely arose from evolutionary pressures, favoring skills advantageous for each sex in ancestral societies.

Men are more likely to score extremely high or low on math tests, while women tend to cluster in the middle.

Cultural factors can influence gender roles and expectations, potentially affecting women's choices in math-related fields.

Steven Pinker argues that biology plays a role in gender differences, but social influences also shape gender roles and behavior.

Racial groups differ in average intelligence test scores, but these averages don't determine individual differences.

Intelligence tests might be easier for people from certain cultures than others.

While individual differences might be genetic, differences between groups are not.

Over time, the gap in intelligence test scores between racial groups has narrowed, likely due to improved education and social conditions.

Poverty and socioeconomic status can have a significant impact on intelligence test scores.

Test bias can refer to either the validity of a test for different groups, or the influence of non-innate factors on test scores.

An intelligence test is biased if it reveals not only innate intelligence differences but also differences caused by other performance-affecting factors.