Psychology: Conditioning Types

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?

The type of stimulus used

The association between two events (correct)

The role of reinforcement

The type of response elicited

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Sigmund Freud

Ivan Pavlov (correct)

BF Skinner

Jean Piaget

What is the term for the process of changing an unpleasant emotional response to a pleasant one?

Social learning

Counter conditioning (correct)

Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

The dog salivating Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of operant conditioning?

Reinforcement and punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

Conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of counter conditioning?

To create a pleasant emotional response Signup and view all the answers

What is the core concept of operant conditioning?

Behavior is a function of its consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of other behavior?

To reduce the frequency of an unwanted behavior Signup and view all the answers

In differential reinforcement of high rates, what is the criterion for reinforcement?

A fixed number of responses within a certain time interval Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between differential reinforcement of low rates and differential reinforcement of high rates?

The rate of responding required for reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

In a fixed duration reinforcement schedule, what is the criterion for reinforcement?

A fixed duration of responding Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of differential reinforcement of excellent behavior?

To reward high-quality behavior Signup and view all the answers

In a differential reinforcement of low rates schedule, what happens to the criterion over time?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of differential reinforcement of other behavior?

Rewarding a student for not jumping Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between differential reinforcement schedules and duration reinforcement schedules?

The duration of responding required for reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when a dog stops responding to a stimulus because it has no consequences?

Learned irrelevance Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a behavior when reinforcement is removed?

It is degraded Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where behavior temporarily gets worse when a previously rewarded behavior is no longer being rewarded?

Extinction burst Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior of turning the head towards a noise or visual stimulus?

Orienting response Signup and view all the answers

What affects the behavior of a dog when given a reward?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when a dog chooses several small rewards over one large reward?

Jackpotting Signup and view all the answers

Why do dogs sometimes turn down a treat?

Because they do not find the treat rewarding Signup and view all the answers

What can occur when a behavior that was previously extinguished is triggered again?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of not having proper timing in training?

Miscommunication and confusion Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for both the dog and the owner to see training as fun?

To improve learning and engagement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a salient stimulus?

It is highly visible or noticeable Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an individual's appetite for a stimulus has been satisfied?

The effectiveness of the stimulus decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of stress on learning and memory development?

It disrupts learning and memory development Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to minimize stressful situations in training?

To foster creativity and learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a consequence not following a target response consistently?

The response is weakened Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of a consistent schedule of reinforcement?

It leads to faster learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the method involving exposure to fears to prove that nothing bad will happen?

To eliminate the fear response by habituation Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of forcing a dog to make a discrimination that is no longer possible?

The dog becomes extremely anxious Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of spraying bitter apple on a leash?

To stop a leash biter Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic behavior of a dog that has learned helplessness?

The dog shuts down and stops trying to escape Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an animal being repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape?

The animal learns helplessness and stops trying to escape Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the method of exposing a subject to their fears and the outcome of forcing a dog to make a discrimination that is no longer possible?

One is used to treat phobias and the other to train dogs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Conditioning

Conditioning is the process of learning, and there are two main types: classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian) and operant conditioning (also known as Skinnerian).

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a process in which an animal learns to associate one event with another, resulting in an unconditioned response.
The association is learned without the animal needing to take any action.
Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs, using a bell and food to elicit a salivary response.
Counterconditioning is a technique used to change associations, often by creating a pleasant emotional response to something that previously triggered an unpleasant response.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a process in which behavior is learned through its consequences, with what is reinforced occurring more often and what is punished occurring less often.
There are several types of reinforcement schedules, including:
- Differential reinforcement of other behavior (mission training procedures): rewarding any behavior that is not the unwanted response.
- Differential reinforcement of excellent behavior: rewarding responses that are of higher quality than average.
- Differential reinforcement of high rates: rewarding responses that occur at a high rate within a certain time period.
- Differential reinforcement of low rates: rewarding responses that occur only after a certain time has elapsed.

Duration Reinforcement Schedules

Fixed duration: providing reinforcement at a fixed time since the last reinforcement.
Learned irrelevance: when a stimulus is presented without consequences, leading to a lack of response.

Extinction

Extinction involves the removal of reinforcement, leading to a decrease in behavior until it is no longer offered.
Extinction is not the same as unlearning, as the animal simply learns a new rule.

Extinction Burst

Extinction burst refers to the temporary increase in behavior when a previously rewarded behavior is no longer being rewarded.

Spontaneous Recovery

Spontaneous recovery occurs when behavior that was previously affected by extinction reoccurs in the future when the trigger is presented again.

Orienting Response

Orienting response is the behavior of turning towards a noise or visual stimulus, such as a dog turning towards a door slamming.

Factors that Affect Learning

Reward: the amount and quality of the reward have a direct effect on behavior.
Timing: proper timing is essential for effective training, as miscommunication and confusion can occur with poor timing.
Fun: both the dog and owner should find training enjoyable, as enthusiasm and engagement can increase learning.
Salience: a stimulus that is highly visible or noticeable, such as a smelly treat.
Satiation or deprivation: the effectiveness of a consequence is reduced if the individual's appetite for that stimulus is satisfied, and increased if the individual is deprived of it.
Environment and stress: stress can block chemical reactions in the brain necessary for learning, and minimizing stressful situations can foster creativity and learning.
Contingency: if a consequence does not consistently follow the target response, its ability to modify the response is reduced.

Experimental Neurosis

Experimental neurosis occurs when a dog is forced to make a discrimination that is no longer possible, leading to anxiety.

Taste Aversion Learning

Taste aversion learning is the process by which a dog learns to avoid certain foods or tastes, often through association with an unpleasant experience.

Learned Helplessness

Learned helplessness occurs when an animal is repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape, leading to a lack of motivation to try to change the situation.

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Description

Learn about the two types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, and how they relate to learning and associations.