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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
- The type of stimulus used
- The association between two events (correct)
- The role of reinforcement
- The type of response elicited
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Who discovered classical conditioning?
- Sigmund Freud
- Ivan Pavlov (correct)
- BF Skinner
- Jean Piaget
What is the term for the process of changing an unpleasant emotional response to a pleasant one?
What is the term for the process of changing an unpleasant emotional response to a pleasant one?
- Social learning
- Counter conditioning (correct)
- Operant conditioning
- Classical conditioning
What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?
What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?
What is the primary mechanism of operant conditioning?
What is the primary mechanism of operant conditioning?
What is the term for the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
What is the term for the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
What is the goal of counter conditioning?
What is the goal of counter conditioning?
What is the core concept of operant conditioning?
What is the core concept of operant conditioning?
What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of other behavior?
What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of other behavior?
In differential reinforcement of high rates, what is the criterion for reinforcement?
In differential reinforcement of high rates, what is the criterion for reinforcement?
What is the main difference between differential reinforcement of low rates and differential reinforcement of high rates?
What is the main difference between differential reinforcement of low rates and differential reinforcement of high rates?
In a fixed duration reinforcement schedule, what is the criterion for reinforcement?
In a fixed duration reinforcement schedule, what is the criterion for reinforcement?
What is the purpose of differential reinforcement of excellent behavior?
What is the purpose of differential reinforcement of excellent behavior?
In a differential reinforcement of low rates schedule, what happens to the criterion over time?
In a differential reinforcement of low rates schedule, what happens to the criterion over time?
What is an example of differential reinforcement of other behavior?
What is an example of differential reinforcement of other behavior?
What is the main difference between differential reinforcement schedules and duration reinforcement schedules?
What is the main difference between differential reinforcement schedules and duration reinforcement schedules?
What is the term for when a dog stops responding to a stimulus because it has no consequences?
What is the term for when a dog stops responding to a stimulus because it has no consequences?
What happens to a behavior when reinforcement is removed?
What happens to a behavior when reinforcement is removed?
What is the phenomenon where behavior temporarily gets worse when a previously rewarded behavior is no longer being rewarded?
What is the phenomenon where behavior temporarily gets worse when a previously rewarded behavior is no longer being rewarded?
What is the behavior of turning the head towards a noise or visual stimulus?
What is the behavior of turning the head towards a noise or visual stimulus?
What affects the behavior of a dog when given a reward?
What affects the behavior of a dog when given a reward?
What is the term for when a dog chooses several small rewards over one large reward?
What is the term for when a dog chooses several small rewards over one large reward?
Why do dogs sometimes turn down a treat?
Why do dogs sometimes turn down a treat?
What can occur when a behavior that was previously extinguished is triggered again?
What can occur when a behavior that was previously extinguished is triggered again?
What is the primary consequence of not having proper timing in training?
What is the primary consequence of not having proper timing in training?
Why is it essential for both the dog and the owner to see training as fun?
Why is it essential for both the dog and the owner to see training as fun?
What is the primary characteristic of a salient stimulus?
What is the primary characteristic of a salient stimulus?
What happens when an individual's appetite for a stimulus has been satisfied?
What happens when an individual's appetite for a stimulus has been satisfied?
What is the primary effect of stress on learning and memory development?
What is the primary effect of stress on learning and memory development?
Why is it essential to minimize stressful situations in training?
Why is it essential to minimize stressful situations in training?
What is the primary consequence of a consequence not following a target response consistently?
What is the primary consequence of a consequence not following a target response consistently?
What is the primary benefit of a consistent schedule of reinforcement?
What is the primary benefit of a consistent schedule of reinforcement?
What is the primary objective of the method involving exposure to fears to prove that nothing bad will happen?
What is the primary objective of the method involving exposure to fears to prove that nothing bad will happen?
What is the outcome of forcing a dog to make a discrimination that is no longer possible?
What is the outcome of forcing a dog to make a discrimination that is no longer possible?
What is the purpose of spraying bitter apple on a leash?
What is the purpose of spraying bitter apple on a leash?
What is the characteristic behavior of a dog that has learned helplessness?
What is the characteristic behavior of a dog that has learned helplessness?
What is the result of an animal being repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape?
What is the result of an animal being repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape?
What is the primary difference between the method of exposing a subject to their fears and the outcome of forcing a dog to make a discrimination that is no longer possible?
What is the primary difference between the method of exposing a subject to their fears and the outcome of forcing a dog to make a discrimination that is no longer possible?
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Study Notes
Conditioning
- Conditioning is the process of learning, and there are two main types: classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian) and operant conditioning (also known as Skinnerian).
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a process in which an animal learns to associate one event with another, resulting in an unconditioned response.
- The association is learned without the animal needing to take any action.
- Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs, using a bell and food to elicit a salivary response.
- Counterconditioning is a technique used to change associations, often by creating a pleasant emotional response to something that previously triggered an unpleasant response.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a process in which behavior is learned through its consequences, with what is reinforced occurring more often and what is punished occurring less often.
- There are several types of reinforcement schedules, including:
- Differential reinforcement of other behavior (mission training procedures): rewarding any behavior that is not the unwanted response.
- Differential reinforcement of excellent behavior: rewarding responses that are of higher quality than average.
- Differential reinforcement of high rates: rewarding responses that occur at a high rate within a certain time period.
- Differential reinforcement of low rates: rewarding responses that occur only after a certain time has elapsed.
Duration Reinforcement Schedules
- Fixed duration: providing reinforcement at a fixed time since the last reinforcement.
- Learned irrelevance: when a stimulus is presented without consequences, leading to a lack of response.
Extinction
- Extinction involves the removal of reinforcement, leading to a decrease in behavior until it is no longer offered.
- Extinction is not the same as unlearning, as the animal simply learns a new rule.
Extinction Burst
- Extinction burst refers to the temporary increase in behavior when a previously rewarded behavior is no longer being rewarded.
Spontaneous Recovery
- Spontaneous recovery occurs when behavior that was previously affected by extinction reoccurs in the future when the trigger is presented again.
Orienting Response
- Orienting response is the behavior of turning towards a noise or visual stimulus, such as a dog turning towards a door slamming.
Factors that Affect Learning
- Reward: the amount and quality of the reward have a direct effect on behavior.
- Timing: proper timing is essential for effective training, as miscommunication and confusion can occur with poor timing.
- Fun: both the dog and owner should find training enjoyable, as enthusiasm and engagement can increase learning.
- Salience: a stimulus that is highly visible or noticeable, such as a smelly treat.
- Satiation or deprivation: the effectiveness of a consequence is reduced if the individual's appetite for that stimulus is satisfied, and increased if the individual is deprived of it.
- Environment and stress: stress can block chemical reactions in the brain necessary for learning, and minimizing stressful situations can foster creativity and learning.
- Contingency: if a consequence does not consistently follow the target response, its ability to modify the response is reduced.
Experimental Neurosis
- Experimental neurosis occurs when a dog is forced to make a discrimination that is no longer possible, leading to anxiety.
Taste Aversion Learning
- Taste aversion learning is the process by which a dog learns to avoid certain foods or tastes, often through association with an unpleasant experience.
Learned Helplessness
- Learned helplessness occurs when an animal is repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape, leading to a lack of motivation to try to change the situation.
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