Psychology: Conditioning and Learning

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?

The timing of the stimulus

The type of response elicited

The learner's role in the process (correct)

The association learned between events

What is the term for the process of changing an unpleasant emotional response to a pleasant one?

Reinforcement

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Counter conditioning (correct)

What is the primary goal of operant conditioning?

To associate two events

To change an emotional response

To modify behavior based on consequences (correct)

To elicit an unconditioned response

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned stimulus?

The bell in Pavlov's experiment Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the response that occurs naturally in response to a stimulus?

Unconditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the learner in operant conditioning?

To exhibit a certain behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of learning through association with consequences?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of other behavior?

To eliminate an unwanted response Signup and view all the answers

In differential reinforcement of excellent behavior, what is the criterion for reinforcement?

A response that is of higher quality than average Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of differential reinforcement of high rates?

To increase the frequency of a specific response Signup and view all the answers

In differential reinforcement of low rates, what is the criterion for reinforcement?

A response that occurs after a certain time has elapsed from the last response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of fixed duration reinforcement schedules?

Reinforcement is provided after a fixed time interval Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement is used to reward a response that is maintained for an entire interval?

Duration reinforcement schedules Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of using differential reinforcement of high rates with a student who participates in classroom discussion?

To increase the frequency of the student's responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between differential reinforcement of high rates and differential reinforcement of low rates?

The frequency of the response being reinforced Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where a dog's behavior temporarily gets worse when a previously rewarded behavior is no longer being rewarded?

Extinction burst Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a dog's behavior when it is no longer rewarded?

The behavior is degraded Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process where a dog learns that a stimulus has no consequences?

Learned irrelevance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the behavior of turning the head towards a noise or visual stimulus?

Orienting response Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period where a previously extinguished behavior reoccurs in the future when the trigger is presented again?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the quality of the reward on behavior?

It has a direct effect on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the practice of giving several small rewards over one large reward?

Jackpotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why dogs may choose a particular treat over another?

The dog finds the treat rewarding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs when a dog is unable to distinguish between two stimuli presented simultaneously?

Blocking Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of achieving generalization?

To get the dog to respond to a specific stimulus in all environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of learning to respond to a specific stimulus?

Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of aversive control of behavior?

A dog learns to walk quietly to avoid being choked by the leash and collar Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of exposing a dog to its fears at full force to overcome them?

Flooding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of overshadowing?

The dog is unable to learn the cue due to the presence of more enticing stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of proofing?

The dog responds to the cue in all environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of stimulus control?

The dog responds reliably to the cue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a partial reinforcement schedule?

The response is reinforced only part of the time. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Random ratio schedule Signup and view all the answers

In a fixed ratio schedule, what happens after the delivery of the reinforcer?

A brief pause in responding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior?

To reinforce an incompatible response Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a variable ratio schedule?

A random number of sits are rewarded every time Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a fixed ratio schedule and a variable ratio schedule?

The number of responses required for a reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of using a partial reinforcement schedule?

Behaviors are acquired slowly, but are resistant to extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using differential reinforcement schedules?

To decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Conditioning

Conditioning is a type of learning that involves the association of two events.
There are two main types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a process where an animal learns to associate a neutral event with an unconditioned response.
The conditioned stimulus is the event that comes before the unconditioned stimulus.
The conditioned response is the response to the conditioned stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs and bells.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is modified by its consequences.
The behavior is a function of its consequences: what is reinforced will occur more often, and what is punished will occur less often.
B.F. Skinner coined the term operant conditioning.

Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

In partial reinforcement, the response is only reinforced part of the time.
This creates a more resistant response to extinction.
There are several types of partial reinforcement schedules, including ratio schedules and differential reinforcement schedules.

Ratio Schedules

Ratio schedules require a certain number of responses to produce the next reinforcer.
There are three types of ratio schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, and random ratio schedules.
Fixed ratio schedules produce a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer.
Variable ratio and random ratio schedules create a high, steady rate of responding and are most resistant to extinction.

Differential Reinforcement Schedule

Differential reinforcement schedules only reinforce certain rates or types of responses.
There are several types of differential reinforcement schedules, including:
- Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior: reinforcing an incompatible response to reduce an unwanted behavior.
- Differential reinforcement of other behavior: reinforcing any behavior that is not the unwanted response.
- Differential reinforcement of excellent behavior: rewarding high-quality responses.
- Differential reinforcement of high rates: rewarding a high rate of response.
- Differential reinforcement of low rates: rewarding a low rate of response.

Duration Reinforcement Schedules

Duration reinforcement schedules require the response to be maintained for an entire interval to receive a reward.
There are two types of duration schedules: fixed duration and variable duration.

Extinction

Extinction involves the removal of reinforcement.
The behavior will eventually stop responding when rewards are no longer given.
Extinction is not the same as unlearning, as the dog learns a new rule.

Extinction Burst

An extinction burst is a temporary increase in the behavior when reinforcement is removed.
The behavior will eventually decrease and stop.

Spontaneous Recovery

Spontaneous recovery is when a behavior that was previously extinguished returns when the trigger is presented again.
This can occur even after a long period of time.

Orienting Response

The orienting response is the automatic response to a noise or visual stimulus.
Examples include turning the head towards a noise or responding to a doorway.

Factors that Affect Learning

Reward: the quality and amount of the reward have a direct effect on behavior.
Stimulus control: the ability to respond to a specific cue.
Overshadowing: when the dog is distracted by other stimuli and does not notice the intended cue.
Discrimination: the ability to respond to a specific stimulus.
Generalization: responding to a stimulus in all environments.
Proofing: achieving a high level of generalization in different situations.
Blocking: when a stimulus is disregarded by the dog due to another stimulus being present.
Aversive control of behavior: using unpleasant stimuli to control behavior, which can be unethical and harmful in dog training.

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Description

Understand the basics of conditioning, a type of learning that involves associating two events, and explore the differences between classical and operant conditioning.