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What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the term for the process of changing an unpleasant emotional response to a pleasant one?
What is the term for the process of changing an unpleasant emotional response to a pleasant one?
What is the primary goal of operant conditioning?
What is the primary goal of operant conditioning?
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned stimulus?
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned stimulus?
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What is the term for the response that occurs naturally in response to a stimulus?
What is the term for the response that occurs naturally in response to a stimulus?
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Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
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What is the primary role of the learner in operant conditioning?
What is the primary role of the learner in operant conditioning?
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What is the term for the process of learning through association with consequences?
What is the term for the process of learning through association with consequences?
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What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of other behavior?
What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of other behavior?
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In differential reinforcement of excellent behavior, what is the criterion for reinforcement?
In differential reinforcement of excellent behavior, what is the criterion for reinforcement?
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What is the purpose of differential reinforcement of high rates?
What is the purpose of differential reinforcement of high rates?
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In differential reinforcement of low rates, what is the criterion for reinforcement?
In differential reinforcement of low rates, what is the criterion for reinforcement?
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What is the primary characteristic of fixed duration reinforcement schedules?
What is the primary characteristic of fixed duration reinforcement schedules?
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Which type of reinforcement is used to reward a response that is maintained for an entire interval?
Which type of reinforcement is used to reward a response that is maintained for an entire interval?
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What is the goal of using differential reinforcement of high rates with a student who participates in classroom discussion?
What is the goal of using differential reinforcement of high rates with a student who participates in classroom discussion?
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What is the primary difference between differential reinforcement of high rates and differential reinforcement of low rates?
What is the primary difference between differential reinforcement of high rates and differential reinforcement of low rates?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where a dog's behavior temporarily gets worse when a previously rewarded behavior is no longer being rewarded?
What is the term for the phenomenon where a dog's behavior temporarily gets worse when a previously rewarded behavior is no longer being rewarded?
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What happens to a dog's behavior when it is no longer rewarded?
What happens to a dog's behavior when it is no longer rewarded?
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What is the term for the process where a dog learns that a stimulus has no consequences?
What is the term for the process where a dog learns that a stimulus has no consequences?
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What is the term for the behavior of turning the head towards a noise or visual stimulus?
What is the term for the behavior of turning the head towards a noise or visual stimulus?
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What is the term for the period where a previously extinguished behavior reoccurs in the future when the trigger is presented again?
What is the term for the period where a previously extinguished behavior reoccurs in the future when the trigger is presented again?
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What is the effect of the quality of the reward on behavior?
What is the effect of the quality of the reward on behavior?
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What is the term for the practice of giving several small rewards over one large reward?
What is the term for the practice of giving several small rewards over one large reward?
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What is the reason why dogs may choose a particular treat over another?
What is the reason why dogs may choose a particular treat over another?
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Which of the following occurs when a dog is unable to distinguish between two stimuli presented simultaneously?
Which of the following occurs when a dog is unable to distinguish between two stimuli presented simultaneously?
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What is the primary goal of achieving generalization?
What is the primary goal of achieving generalization?
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What is the term for the process of learning to respond to a specific stimulus?
What is the term for the process of learning to respond to a specific stimulus?
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Which of the following is an example of aversive control of behavior?
Which of the following is an example of aversive control of behavior?
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What is the term for the process of exposing a dog to its fears at full force to overcome them?
What is the term for the process of exposing a dog to its fears at full force to overcome them?
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What is the primary consequence of overshadowing?
What is the primary consequence of overshadowing?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of proofing?
Which of the following is a characteristic of proofing?
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What is the primary consequence of stimulus control?
What is the primary consequence of stimulus control?
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What is the primary characteristic of a partial reinforcement schedule?
What is the primary characteristic of a partial reinforcement schedule?
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What type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
What type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
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In a fixed ratio schedule, what happens after the delivery of the reinforcer?
In a fixed ratio schedule, what happens after the delivery of the reinforcer?
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What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior?
What is the primary goal of differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior?
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What is an example of a variable ratio schedule?
What is an example of a variable ratio schedule?
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What is the difference between a fixed ratio schedule and a variable ratio schedule?
What is the difference between a fixed ratio schedule and a variable ratio schedule?
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What is the result of using a partial reinforcement schedule?
What is the result of using a partial reinforcement schedule?
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What is the purpose of using differential reinforcement schedules?
What is the purpose of using differential reinforcement schedules?
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Study Notes
Conditioning
- Conditioning is a type of learning that involves the association of two events.
- There are two main types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a process where an animal learns to associate a neutral event with an unconditioned response.
- The conditioned stimulus is the event that comes before the unconditioned stimulus.
- The conditioned response is the response to the conditioned stimulus.
- Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs and bells.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is modified by its consequences.
- The behavior is a function of its consequences: what is reinforced will occur more often, and what is punished will occur less often.
- B.F. Skinner coined the term operant conditioning.
Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule
- In partial reinforcement, the response is only reinforced part of the time.
- This creates a more resistant response to extinction.
- There are several types of partial reinforcement schedules, including ratio schedules and differential reinforcement schedules.
Ratio Schedules
- Ratio schedules require a certain number of responses to produce the next reinforcer.
- There are three types of ratio schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, and random ratio schedules.
- Fixed ratio schedules produce a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer.
- Variable ratio and random ratio schedules create a high, steady rate of responding and are most resistant to extinction.
Differential Reinforcement Schedule
- Differential reinforcement schedules only reinforce certain rates or types of responses.
- There are several types of differential reinforcement schedules, including:
- Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior: reinforcing an incompatible response to reduce an unwanted behavior.
- Differential reinforcement of other behavior: reinforcing any behavior that is not the unwanted response.
- Differential reinforcement of excellent behavior: rewarding high-quality responses.
- Differential reinforcement of high rates: rewarding a high rate of response.
- Differential reinforcement of low rates: rewarding a low rate of response.
Duration Reinforcement Schedules
- Duration reinforcement schedules require the response to be maintained for an entire interval to receive a reward.
- There are two types of duration schedules: fixed duration and variable duration.
Extinction
- Extinction involves the removal of reinforcement.
- The behavior will eventually stop responding when rewards are no longer given.
- Extinction is not the same as unlearning, as the dog learns a new rule.
Extinction Burst
- An extinction burst is a temporary increase in the behavior when reinforcement is removed.
- The behavior will eventually decrease and stop.
Spontaneous Recovery
- Spontaneous recovery is when a behavior that was previously extinguished returns when the trigger is presented again.
- This can occur even after a long period of time.
Orienting Response
- The orienting response is the automatic response to a noise or visual stimulus.
- Examples include turning the head towards a noise or responding to a doorway.
Factors that Affect Learning
- Reward: the quality and amount of the reward have a direct effect on behavior.
- Stimulus control: the ability to respond to a specific cue.
- Overshadowing: when the dog is distracted by other stimuli and does not notice the intended cue.
- Discrimination: the ability to respond to a specific stimulus.
- Generalization: responding to a stimulus in all environments.
- Proofing: achieving a high level of generalization in different situations.
- Blocking: when a stimulus is disregarded by the dog due to another stimulus being present.
- Aversive control of behavior: using unpleasant stimuli to control behavior, which can be unethical and harmful in dog training.
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Description
Understand the basics of conditioning, a type of learning that involves associating two events, and explore the differences between classical and operant conditioning.