Psychology Concepts Quiz

Reasoning from a single instance to an entire population. It assumes that one example represents the entire group.

The tendency to focus on specific details about a case and ignore general statistical probabilities.

The frequency of something occurring in a general population.

Information about a specific instance or case.

A mental shortcut that involves judging the likelihood of something based on how closely it matches a prototype or stereotype.

A type of reasoning that involves carefully considering evidence, statistical data and multiple sources before drawing a conclusion.

A situation where a witness's testimony about a specific event is heavily influenced by prior assumptions about the event.

A decision-making approach that involves weighing the potential benefits and drawbacks of different options.

Mental shortcuts that allow us to make decisions quickly without a lot of conscious effort. These shortcuts can be helpful but they can also lead to biases and errors.

A deliberate, analytical, and effortful way of making choices. It involves carefully considering all the available information and thinking through the consequences of different options.

A collection or group of entities that are organized based on shared characteristics. It helps us to understand and classify information.

A mental representation that allows us to group together similar objects, events, or ideas. They are fundamental tools for understanding the world and making sense of new experiences.

The way information is presented can significantly influence our choices. The format, framing, and order of information can affect how we process and interpret it, leading us to make different decisions.

Categorization based on shared features, but no single feature is essential for all category members.

The most typical member of a category, representing its central characteristics.

The degree to which an object matches the prototype of its category.

The idea that category membership is based on similarity to the prototype, leading to graded levels of membership.

Reasoning that moves from specific observations to general conclusions. It's like building a house from the bottom up.

Reasoning that starts with a general premise and applies it to a specific case. It's like starting with a blueprint and building a house from the top down.

The way information is presented can influence our choices, even if the options are objectively the same.

Identical choices presented in positive or negative ways can lead to different decisions. For example, a treatment with a 50% success rate is more appealing than a treatment with a 50% failure rate, even though they're the same.

The idea that people try to maximize their expected value by balancing costs and benefits. However, other factors often influence our decisions.

The impact of how evidence is presented on our judgments. For example, people are more likely to accept information that's framed positively.

Emotions play a crucial role in decision-making by influencing our choices through bodily sensations and feelings.

Bodily sensations associated with emotions can influence our choices. It's like our body is giving us cues or warnings.

The ability to predict future emotions. While we're generally accurate in predicting the valence (positive or negative) of our feelings, we often misjudge their duration.

This model proposes that we have two distinct systems of thinking.

This heuristic is based on how easily examples come to mind. We tend to judge the frequency or likelihood of something based on how readily we can recall instances of it.

The tendency to overestimate the probability of a conjunction of events, even when the individual probabilities are low.

Specific instances of things in a category. They provide information about the variability within a category.

Concepts are formed using both prototypes and exemplars, Early learning often involves individual examples, and over time, we average them to create prototypes.

The typicality of an object influences our judgment about whether it belongs to a category.

Our beliefs about the essential features of a category determine how we judge membership. Features that don't match the 'essence' don't always exclude an item.

Reasoning about natural kinds involves understanding their inherent properties, while artifacts are seen as malleable and changeable.

Different brain regions are involved in processing natural kinds and artifacts, suggesting our brains have distinct ways of representing these concepts.

Categories help us apply general knowledge to new situations, using past experiences to draw broader conclusions about similar cases.

The idea that concepts include representations of perceptual properties (what things look like, feel like, etc.) and motor sequences (how we interact with them). This suggests that our brains activate sensory and motor areas when we think about certain concepts.

A network in memory where concepts are connected based on their relationships. Retrieving information involves traversing links in this network, with faster responses for concepts with fewer connections to traverse.

A proposition is the smallest unit of knowledge that can be true or false. In this model, concepts are represented as nodes and their relationships are represented as links.

A central 'hub' in the brain integrates different types of knowledge from specialized brain regions, like visual or motor areas.

The process of actively retrieving information from memory, which strengthens the memory and improves recall.

The classical view assumes concepts have strict definitions and membership is based on whether an object meets all criteria. It's problematic because real-world categories often lack clear boundaries.

Wittgenstein's idea that categories are not based on strict definitions but on family resemblance – members share overlapping features, forming a fuzzy set.

A probabilistic view of categorization, where category membership is based on the likelihood of an object belonging to a category. It considers the frequency of features and their typicality.

A mental representation of the most typical or representative member of a category. This helps us to quickly categorize objects based on their similarity to the prototype.

The degree to which an object is considered a typical or representative member of a category. More typical members share more features with the prototype.