Psychology Concepts

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Questions and Answers

How does positive psychology relate to earlier schools of thought?

  • It is a derivative of functionalism's focus on observable behaviors.
  • It is considered a modern adaptation of humanism. (correct)
  • It views introspectionism as its primary methodology.
  • It directly opposes the principles of structuralism.

Which statement most accurately reflects the core proposition of mind-body dualism?

  • The mind and body are distinct and separate entities. (correct)
  • Adaptations in the mind directly cause physical changes in the body.
  • The mind and body function as a single, unified entity.
  • The body influences the mind more than the mind influences the body.

In what way does observational learning, as seen when Afriyie watches his colleagues, differ from classical conditioning?

  • It emphasizes learning through watching and imitating others. (correct)
  • It primarily focuses on involuntary, emotional responses.
  • It requires direct reinforcement to be effective.
  • It involves learning through association of stimuli.

Why are adolescents considered particularly susceptible to peer influence compared to other age groups?

<p>Adolescents primarily seek validation and identity within their peer groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about developmental principles is LEAST accurate?

<p>Development unfolds as a predictable and linear process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a sanguine temperament contrast with a melancholic temperament?

<p>Sanguine individuals are generally sociable, while melancholic types tend to be more introspective. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person's character is deeply rooted in their culture, how would this affect its flexibility?

<p>It would indicate that the character is resistant to change based on new experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would identifying as a 'Type A' personality trait NOT be beneficial?

<p>When needing to demonstrate high levels of patience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Freud's concept of the 'ego' balance the demands of the id and superego?

<p>By finding realistic ways to satisfy the id's desires in line with social acceptance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely outcome if a person experiences unresolved conflict during one of Freud's psychosexual stages?

<p>The person may develop dormant sexual feelings that later emerge in adulthood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why would 'neuroticism' be considered the odd one out when grouped with conscience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness?

<p>Because neuroticism is a personality trait related to emotional instability, while the others relate to moral or cooperative behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is LEAST likely to be considered an internal component of achievement motivation?

<p>External pressures from family or society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might promoting only workforce stability be a misleading goal for motivation in organizations?

<p>Because it may promote a focus on quantity over quality of work. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prenatal development differ from post-partum development?

<p>Prenatal development includes stages like germinal and embryonic, while post-partum refers to the period following childbirth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'gender role' expand upon the biological aspect of 'sex'?

<p>Gender role encompasses societal expectations for males and females. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does repression play in Freud's theory of unconsciousness?

<p>Repression functions as an unconscious mechanism to block unacceptable thoughts from awareness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would a Type A personality thrive?

<p>When working under strict deadlines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Freud's concept of the 'superego' linked to the process of identification in child development?

<p>The superego embodies the 'voice of conscience,' which internalizes parental and societal values through identification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Allport's approach to personality differ from psychodynamic theories like Freud's?

<p>Allport defined personality in terms of identifiable traits, while Freud explored unconscious processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why would 'reflexes' be least relevant in the study of developmental psychology?

<p>Because developmental psychology focuses on inborn, automatic responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Positive Psychology

A modern school of thought that focuses on the positive aspects of human functioning and flourishing.

Mind-Body Dualism

The philosophical view that the mind and body are distinct and separate entities.

Observational Learning

Learning by watching the behavior of others.

Freud's Personality Structure

The theory developed by Freud stating that personality consists of the id, ego, and superego.

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Fixation

In psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage.

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Trait Theory

Personality traits like agreeableness and extraversion.

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Gender Roles

The social expectations of how males and females should behave.

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Repression

Blocking unacceptable thoughts and feelings from consciousness.

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Type A Personality

The personality type is often described as ambitious, highly organized, sensitive, impatient, anxious, proactive, and concerned with status.

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Superego

Voice of your conscious: enforces rules, standards, and ideals learned from parents and society

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Self-Actualization Need

The last stage of human needs in Maslow's hierarchy; includes self-awareness, personal growth, and less concern with the opinions of others.

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Continuous Development

Development is an ongoing, cumulative process that proceeds gradually from infancy to adolescence and adulthood.

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Kohlberg's Moral Development

Pre-conventional morality focuses on self-interest while conventional morality is more concerned with upholding laws and social rules.

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Cephalocaudal Development

Cephalocaudal development is development that occurs from head to toe.

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Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus.

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Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. Key concepts in operant conditioning are reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.

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Observational Learning

Observational learning occurs through observing the behaviors of others. People can learn by observing behaviors by watching videos of others.

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Study Notes

  • Positive psychology is a modern adaptation of Humanism.
  • Mind-body dualism suggests the mind and body are separate entities.
  • Observational learning occurs when one learns by watching others.
  • Adolescents are particularly responsive to peer influence.
  • Development as a result of coincidence is not a principle of development.
  • Sanguine people are very sociable.
  • Character includes temperament and also shows up fully in the early stages of development.
  • None of the statements are true regarding Type A personalities; they are generally impatient, work better alone and are money motivated.
  • According to Freud, the ego is the "executive" system that seeks to gratify the impulses of the id in more acceptable ways.
  • According to the psychoanalytic view of development, unresolved conflicts during psychosexual stages may lead to fixation in that stage.
  • Neuroticism does not align with the others in the list, in which the best one out of Conscience, Conscientiousness and Agreeableness is Neuroticism.
  • Pressures are not an internal factor for achievement motivation.
  • Stability of the workforce is not important for motivation in an organization
  • Post-partum period is not a period of pre-natal development
  • Gender roles refer to social expectations of males and females.
  • Repression is unconsciously blocking unacceptable thoughts.
  • Type A personality is considered the "go-getter" personality.
  • Freud proposed children incorporate parental values through identification, developing the superego, or "voice of conscience".
  • Gordon Allport was a pioneering traits theorist.
  • Reflexes/unlearned behaviors is not one of the major issues that Developmental psychologists focus on: nature/ nurture, stability/ change, and continuity/ change.
  • The logical order for the stages of life is Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, and Senescence.
  • Type A is the "go-getter" personality type.
  • None of the statements are true regarding Type A personalities; generally they are impatient, work better alone, and are money motivated.
  • Pressures is not an internal factor for achievement motivation.
  • Stability of the workforce is not important for motivation in an organization.
  • Self-actualization is the highest need according to Maslow.
  • According to Baumeister and Leary, satisfying the need to belong demands that People need to have pleasant relationships with others, and the interactions with people should well calculated.
  • Gender roles refer to social expectations of males and females.
  • Reflexes/unlearned behaviours is not one of the major issues that Developmental psychologists focus on: nature/ nurture, stability/ change, and continuity/ change.
  • Adolescents are particularly responsive to peer influence.
  • Pre-conventional morality focuses on self-interest while conventional morality is more concerned with upholding laws and social rules.
  • The principle of conservation explains why a pint of water remains a pint, whether poured into a tall thin pitcher or a round one. Children acquire the mental operations necessary to understand conservation during the concrete operational stage.
  • The strongest support for the theory that personality is heavily influenced by genetics is provided by the strong similarity between identical twins reared apart.
  • Development stops when the organism reaches the age of maturity but growth happens across the lifespan.
  • Development refers to the biological growth processes that enable changes in behaviour in an orderly fashion.
  • Industrial psychology does not study work environments to improve them and make workers more productive.
  • Descartes' views on dualism in the 17th century had negligible impact on the development of psychology as a separate academic field.
  • More recent research maintains that only one-on-one relationships satisfy the need to belong.
  • Maslow's theory can be categorized under "what motivates theories".
  • According to the concept of belongingness, human beings shall establish and maintain a minimum quantity of enduring relationships.
  • One stage lays a foundation for the next stage of development and there are no clear-cut breaks; Development is continuous.
  • Individuals differ in the rate of growth and development; there are individual differences in development.
  • Both physical growth and functional motor skill development start at the head and end at the toes; Cephalocaudal development.
  • Learning by associating two stimuli involves classical conditioning.
  • Repeating behaviours that bring rewards involves operant conditioning.
  • Learning by observing others involves observational learning.
  • The Unconditioned Stimulus in the case study is Loud Noice.
  • The Unconditioned Response in the case study is Fear/crying.
  • The conditioned stimulus in the case study is white cat.
  • The condition`ed response in the case study is Fear/crying.
  • If the demonstration was spontaneous and unplanned the Id dominated the workers, leading to their action.
  • By failing to exhaust the existing avenues to address their grievances before resorting to the commotion, Superego was disregarded.
  • The Ego dominated the two security men when they refused to join the agitation, though the organizers beat them.
  • The savage behaviour of the leaders of the agitation by beating the non-complying workers is a clear indication of the domination of Id.
  • Pre-conventional associates to Lawrence Kohlberg
  • Temperament associates to Hippocrates
  • Superego associates to Sigmund Freud
  • Repression associates to Sigmund Freud
  • Hierarchy of Needs associates to Abraham Maslow
  • The ability to maintain peace with others, keep to time, be responsible, be honest, respect boundaries, be humble, genuine and considerate describes his or her character.

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