Podcast
Questions and Answers
Thom believes that his congresswoman is an honest woman. He looks for examples of her giving to charity and ignores her ethics violations, which have recently been in the news. Thom is being affected by what?
Thom believes that his congresswoman is an honest woman. He looks for examples of her giving to charity and ignores her ethics violations, which have recently been in the news. Thom is being affected by what?
Confirmation bias
Mrs. Rediske gave make-up midterm exams to her absent students. The midterm exam scores were as follows:
35, 42, 44, 29, 27, 38, 44, 44, 30, 47, 49
What is the range of scores of those taking her make-up test?
Mrs. Rediske gave make-up midterm exams to her absent students. The midterm exam scores were as follows: 35, 42, 44, 29, 27, 38, 44, 44, 30, 47, 49 What is the range of scores of those taking her make-up test?
22
The study of our human potential for personal growth has been a focus of which psychological perspective?
The study of our human potential for personal growth has been a focus of which psychological perspective?
Humanistic
Forming and retaining memories, is demonstrated during a lab experiment where rats learn to navigate a maze more efficiently with repeated trials. The increase in synaptic efficiency after frequent activation enhances the rats' ability to remember the correct path. This neural mechanism, crucial for synaptic plasticity, is highlighted as a key process underlying memory formation in humans and animals alike. Which concept is Professor Thompson explaining that describes how repeated use of a neural pathway enhances the connection between neurons, facilitating learning and memory?
Forming and retaining memories, is demonstrated during a lab experiment where rats learn to navigate a maze more efficiently with repeated trials. The increase in synaptic efficiency after frequent activation enhances the rats' ability to remember the correct path. This neural mechanism, crucial for synaptic plasticity, is highlighted as a key process underlying memory formation in humans and animals alike. Which concept is Professor Thompson explaining that describes how repeated use of a neural pathway enhances the connection between neurons, facilitating learning and memory?
Signup and view all the answers
Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy for what?
Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy for what?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an operational definition?
What is an operational definition?
Signup and view all the answers
Dr. Carter, a computer scientist, is collaborating with a team of psychologists to develop a new software tool designed to enhance learning outcomes in mathematics for high school students. The software incorporates a systematic problem-solving approach that guarantees finding the correct solution to various types of math problems by following a series of predetermined steps. During the design phase, Dr. Carter explains to the educational staff that this method, based on strict rules and sequences, allows the software to cover all possible moves or pathways to ensure accuracy and efficiency. This method is contrasted with more common heuristic methods used in educational tools that rely on speed and simplification but do not guarantee a solution. Which cognitive strategy is Dr. Carter employing in the development of this educational software that ensures exhaustive checking of every potential solution to a problem?
Dr. Carter, a computer scientist, is collaborating with a team of psychologists to develop a new software tool designed to enhance learning outcomes in mathematics for high school students. The software incorporates a systematic problem-solving approach that guarantees finding the correct solution to various types of math problems by following a series of predetermined steps. During the design phase, Dr. Carter explains to the educational staff that this method, based on strict rules and sequences, allows the software to cover all possible moves or pathways to ensure accuracy and efficiency. This method is contrasted with more common heuristic methods used in educational tools that rely on speed and simplification but do not guarantee a solution. Which cognitive strategy is Dr. Carter employing in the development of this educational software that ensures exhaustive checking of every potential solution to a problem?
Signup and view all the answers
What do theories do?
What do theories do?
Signup and view all the answers
One day on her way home from work, Nancy witnessed a suspect fleeing the scene of a bank robbery. Police asked her to come to the station where she picked the suspect out of a line-up. This is an example of what?
One day on her way home from work, Nancy witnessed a suspect fleeing the scene of a bank robbery. Police asked her to come to the station where she picked the suspect out of a line-up. This is an example of what?
Signup and view all the answers
During the spring baseball season, concession stand attendants noticed a positive correlation between the home team's score and total sales of food. This means ___________.
During the spring baseball season, concession stand attendants noticed a positive correlation between the home team's score and total sales of food. This means ___________.
Signup and view all the answers
Dr. Gopnik demonstrated that infants show fear when presented with a toy snake but not when shown a toy bunny. She suggests that fear of objects that can be dangerous to us, like snakes, are biologically predisposed and allowed our ancestors to survive. Dr. Gopnik's view is most consistent with which of the following psychological perspectives?
Dr. Gopnik demonstrated that infants show fear when presented with a toy snake but not when shown a toy bunny. She suggests that fear of objects that can be dangerous to us, like snakes, are biologically predisposed and allowed our ancestors to survive. Dr. Gopnik's view is most consistent with which of the following psychological perspectives?
Signup and view all the answers
Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of what?
Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of what?
Signup and view all the answers
A research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure.
Based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is what?
A research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure. Based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is what?
Signup and view all the answers
Linda, a seasoned Spanish language teacher, has decided to expand her linguistic skills by learning Portuguese. As she begins her Portuguese lessons, she frequently finds herself unintentionally using Spanish vocabulary and grammatical rules during exercises and conversations in Portuguese. This issue becomes particularly pronounced when she tries to recall Portuguese words that are similar to Spanish words she has known for years. Linda's struggle illustrates a memory phenomenon where older, well-established information interferes with the learning or recall of new information. What concept best describes the difficulty Linda is experiencing?
Linda, a seasoned Spanish language teacher, has decided to expand her linguistic skills by learning Portuguese. As she begins her Portuguese lessons, she frequently finds herself unintentionally using Spanish vocabulary and grammatical rules during exercises and conversations in Portuguese. This issue becomes particularly pronounced when she tries to recall Portuguese words that are similar to Spanish words she has known for years. Linda's struggle illustrates a memory phenomenon where older, well-established information interferes with the learning or recall of new information. What concept best describes the difficulty Linda is experiencing?
Signup and view all the answers
A preschool teacher measured the amount of time (in minutes) that students engaged in positive social play. The following is the distribution of play time recorded: 5, 10, 10, 10, 15, 25, 25, 30. What is the mean?
A preschool teacher measured the amount of time (in minutes) that students engaged in positive social play. The following is the distribution of play time recorded: 5, 10, 10, 10, 15, 25, 25, 30. What is the mean?
Signup and view all the answers
Matthew and Jonathan see each other for the first time in twenty years at a class reunion. They immediately recall the winning play of the state championship game they played together as seniors in high school. Their recall is an example of ___
Matthew and Jonathan see each other for the first time in twenty years at a class reunion. They immediately recall the winning play of the state championship game they played together as seniors in high school. Their recall is an example of ___
Signup and view all the answers
A classic demonstration of memory requires two groups of students to memorize a list of sentences. One group is instructed to rate sentences on how easy they are to pronounce. The other group must rate the sentences according to how easy it is to form a mental picture of the statement. Afterward, students in the visualization group remember more content from the sentences than students in the pronunciation group. This result is due to differences in ___________.
A classic demonstration of memory requires two groups of students to memorize a list of sentences. One group is instructed to rate sentences on how easy they are to pronounce. The other group must rate the sentences according to how easy it is to form a mental picture of the statement. Afterward, students in the visualization group remember more content from the sentences than students in the pronunciation group. This result is due to differences in ___________.
Signup and view all the answers
In a study session for an upcoming psychology exam, a group of students decides to test their memory retention by reciting lists of psychological terms to each other. They notice a consistent pattern: students recall terms at the beginning and end of the lists more frequently than those in the middle. Intrigued by this observation, they discuss how their memory seems to favor the first and last items, suggesting that the placement of information within a sequence affects its recall probability. This phenomenon, observed during their study session, points to a well-documented memory effect. What is the name of this memory effect that explains the students' tendency to better remember the terms at the beginnings and ends of lists?
In a study session for an upcoming psychology exam, a group of students decides to test their memory retention by reciting lists of psychological terms to each other. They notice a consistent pattern: students recall terms at the beginning and end of the lists more frequently than those in the middle. Intrigued by this observation, they discuss how their memory seems to favor the first and last items, suggesting that the placement of information within a sequence affects its recall probability. This phenomenon, observed during their study session, points to a well-documented memory effect. What is the name of this memory effect that explains the students' tendency to better remember the terms at the beginnings and ends of lists?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?
Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?
Signup and view all the answers
Memory for your personal and autobiographical details is known as your ___________ memory.
Memory for your personal and autobiographical details is known as your ___________ memory.
Signup and view all the answers
Descriptive studies differ from correlational studies in that correlational studies __________.
Descriptive studies differ from correlational studies in that correlational studies __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Every student in fourth grade at Watson Elementary took a Big Five Personality test the first week of school. Principal Albert recorded the agreeableness score for each child along with the number of referrals for misconduct. He thinks that rating high on the agreeableness scale might predict better behavior from students. What type of graph should he choose to best represent his data?
Every student in fourth grade at Watson Elementary took a Big Five Personality test the first week of school. Principal Albert recorded the agreeableness score for each child along with the number of referrals for misconduct. He thinks that rating high on the agreeableness scale might predict better behavior from students. What type of graph should he choose to best represent his data?
Signup and view all the answers
Rachel moves in with Joey. Within days of moving in, Joey's refrigerator stops working. Joey believes that it is Rachel's fault that the refrigerator stopped working because she just moved in. Joey's assumption that Rachel's arrival is related to the refrigerator breaking is an example of ___________.
Rachel moves in with Joey. Within days of moving in, Joey's refrigerator stops working. Joey believes that it is Rachel's fault that the refrigerator stopped working because she just moved in. Joey's assumption that Rachel's arrival is related to the refrigerator breaking is an example of ___________.
Signup and view all the answers
Henry Molaison is a famous case study in memory research due to the removal of his hippocampus. Which type of amnesia did he experience post surgery?
Henry Molaison is a famous case study in memory research due to the removal of his hippocampus. Which type of amnesia did he experience post surgery?
Signup and view all the answers
On a recent in-class FRQ practice essay, the student score breakdown was the following: 2,3,3,4,4,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,9,10,10,10,10
What was the median score?
On a recent in-class FRQ practice essay, the student score breakdown was the following: 2,3,3,4,4,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,9,10,10,10,10 What was the median score?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?
Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?
Signup and view all the answers
Jack wants to study the behavior of cats. He sets up a camera in his house to record his cat throughout the day. At the end of each day, he watches the recordings and takes detailed notes about his cat's behavioral patterns. What type of method is Jack using?
Jack wants to study the behavior of cats. He sets up a camera in his house to record his cat throughout the day. At the end of each day, he watches the recordings and takes detailed notes about his cat's behavioral patterns. What type of method is Jack using?
Signup and view all the answers
A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?
A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following refers to the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?
Which of the following refers to the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?
Signup and view all the answers
Memory for automatic activities like tying one's shoe or riding a bike is known as ___________ memory.
Memory for automatic activities like tying one's shoe or riding a bike is known as ___________ memory.
Signup and view all the answers
People struggle to identify whether an individual's head is facing left or right on a coin despite a strong familiarity with the coin. Most of us never take the time to remember details such as this about a coin. Difficulty in pointing out an accurate representation of a penny from a set of phonies results from a failure to ______
People struggle to identify whether an individual's head is facing left or right on a coin despite a strong familiarity with the coin. Most of us never take the time to remember details such as this about a coin. Difficulty in pointing out an accurate representation of a penny from a set of phonies results from a failure to ______
Signup and view all the answers
Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns, which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use?
Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns, which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use?
Signup and view all the answers
When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)
When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)
Signup and view all the answers
In a recent experiment, a psychology professor presented a group of participants with a series of images, asking them to identify which ones best represented the concept of "bird." The images included a sparrow, a penguin, a bat, and an ostrich. The participants were more likely to identify the sparrow as a bird and less likely to identify the penguin, bat, or ostrich, despite all being classified as birds. This tendency to favor the sparrow, which closely matches their mental prototype of what a bird looks like, illustrates a common cognitive shortcut. Which concept does this scenario best demonstrate?
In a recent experiment, a psychology professor presented a group of participants with a series of images, asking them to identify which ones best represented the concept of "bird." The images included a sparrow, a penguin, a bat, and an ostrich. The participants were more likely to identify the sparrow as a bird and less likely to identify the penguin, bat, or ostrich, despite all being classified as birds. This tendency to favor the sparrow, which closely matches their mental prototype of what a bird looks like, illustrates a common cognitive shortcut. Which concept does this scenario best demonstrate?
Signup and view all the answers
A researcher wants to find out how well high school attendance predicts student academic performance. Which type of research method should he or she use to determine the answer to this question?
A researcher wants to find out how well high school attendance predicts student academic performance. Which type of research method should he or she use to determine the answer to this question?
Signup and view all the answers
The make-up midterm scores of absent students in Mrs. Rediske's psychology classes are a follows:
35, 42, 44, 29, 27, 38, 44, 44, 30, 47, 49
What is the mode of this data set?
The make-up midterm scores of absent students in Mrs. Rediske's psychology classes are a follows: 35, 42, 44, 29, 27, 38, 44, 44, 30, 47, 49 What is the mode of this data set?
Signup and view all the answers
After watching several news reports about airplane crashes over the past month, Kevin begins to believe that air travel is becoming increasingly dangerous. Despite statistics showing that air travel is one of the safest modes of transportation, his perception is skewed by the recent, vivid reports. In a discussion with his friends about upcoming travel plans, Kevin strongly advocates for driving instead, citing these reports as his reason. His decision-making process illustrates a cognitive bias where judgments are influenced more by what is easily recalled from memory than by comprehensive data. This psychological concept, demonstrating how easily remembered events can impact decision-making and risk assessment, is known as what?
After watching several news reports about airplane crashes over the past month, Kevin begins to believe that air travel is becoming increasingly dangerous. Despite statistics showing that air travel is one of the safest modes of transportation, his perception is skewed by the recent, vivid reports. In a discussion with his friends about upcoming travel plans, Kevin strongly advocates for driving instead, citing these reports as his reason. His decision-making process illustrates a cognitive bias where judgments are influenced more by what is easily recalled from memory than by comprehensive data. This psychological concept, demonstrating how easily remembered events can impact decision-making and risk assessment, is known as what?
Signup and view all the answers
After the student council election, a friend tells you he could have guessed who would be elected president. What psychological phenomenon might this illustrate?
After the student council election, a friend tells you he could have guessed who would be elected president. What psychological phenomenon might this illustrate?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Dr. Matthew Walker, which area of the brain shuts down when students pull an all-nighter?
According to Dr. Matthew Walker, which area of the brain shuts down when students pull an all-nighter?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest relationship between two variables?
Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest relationship between two variables?
Signup and view all the answers
Professor Shanley carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classroom in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Shanley is most clearly engaged in___________.
Professor Shanley carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classroom in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Shanley is most clearly engaged in___________.
Signup and view all the answers
After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates ___________.
After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates ___________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following types of memory houses detailed visual information for less than a second?
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following types of memory houses detailed visual information for less than a second?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest negative correlation?
Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest negative correlation?
Signup and view all the answers
Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of what?
Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of what?
Signup and view all the answers
Hermann Ebbinghaus tested his memory using combinations of three-letter nonsense syllables. Which of the following graphs best represents his findings about the relationship between forgetting and time?
Hermann Ebbinghaus tested his memory using combinations of three-letter nonsense syllables. Which of the following graphs best represents his findings about the relationship between forgetting and time?
Signup and view all the answers
Sarah, a university student, has been studying diligently for her oceanography final in the school's library, focusing particularly on coral reef ecosystems. A few days later, she takes part in a field trip to a coastal marine research station. As she stands on the dock overlooking the coral reefs, she finds that details about the ecosystems come to her more clearly and vividly than when she was trying to recall the information earlier in the quiet of the library. This enhanced ability to recall information about coral reefs while she is actually observing them demonstrates a cognitive phenomenon that suggests environmental cues play a role in memory retrieval. What does this scenario best demonstrate?
Sarah, a university student, has been studying diligently for her oceanography final in the school's library, focusing particularly on coral reef ecosystems. A few days later, she takes part in a field trip to a coastal marine research station. As she stands on the dock overlooking the coral reefs, she finds that details about the ecosystems come to her more clearly and vividly than when she was trying to recall the information earlier in the quiet of the library. This enhanced ability to recall information about coral reefs while she is actually observing them demonstrates a cognitive phenomenon that suggests environmental cues play a role in memory retrieval. What does this scenario best demonstrate?
Signup and view all the answers
The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called what?
The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called what?
Signup and view all the answers
Kate is relaxed, has her eyes closed, and is lying in bed ready to sleep. If Kate's brain waves were being monitored on an electroencephalograph (EEG), what type of brain waves would you most likely see?
Kate is relaxed, has her eyes closed, and is lying in bed ready to sleep. If Kate's brain waves were being monitored on an electroencephalograph (EEG), what type of brain waves would you most likely see?
Signup and view all the answers
A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?
A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?
Signup and view all the answers
A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is ___________
A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is ___________
Signup and view all the answers
Sleep deprivation has been shown to what?
Sleep deprivation has been shown to what?
Signup and view all the answers
At what two points is light refracted in the eye?
At what two points is light refracted in the eye?
Signup and view all the answers
The association areas are located in the
The association areas are located in the
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?
Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?
Signup and view all the answers
Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from ___________.
Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from ___________.
Signup and view all the answers
Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty?
Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty?
Signup and view all the answers
Adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the?
Adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the?
Signup and view all the answers
In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated ___________
In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated ___________
Signup and view all the answers
The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called what?
The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called what?
Signup and view all the answers
One of the ways we perceive images is by organizing stimuli into an object seen against its surroundings. What is this perceptual tendency called?
One of the ways we perceive images is by organizing stimuli into an object seen against its surroundings. What is this perceptual tendency called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best represents the information presented in the figure above?
Which of the following best represents the information presented in the figure above?
Signup and view all the answers
Tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. Tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "It was cold when I first got in, but now it's fine!" Tyshane's body became accustomed to the water temperature due to what?
Tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. Tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "It was cold when I first got in, but now it's fine!" Tyshane's body became accustomed to the water temperature due to what?
Signup and view all the answers
Which perceptual process explains why you can see varied aspects of your favorite singer's face and instantly recognize him or her?
Which perceptual process explains why you can see varied aspects of your favorite singer's face and instantly recognize him or her?
Signup and view all the answers
A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifted the wearer's gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered perception. A student wearing the goggles initially bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but after 30 minutes of wearing the goggles was able to smoothly avoid obstacles, illustrating the concept of what?
A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifted the wearer's gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered perception. A student wearing the goggles initially bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but after 30 minutes of wearing the goggles was able to smoothly avoid obstacles, illustrating the concept of what?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory what is true?
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory what is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Experiments with the visual cliff suggest that what?
Experiments with the visual cliff suggest that what?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?
Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?
Signup and view all the answers
After being exposed to loud music for many years, which of the following types of deafness is more likely in a musician?
After being exposed to loud music for many years, which of the following types of deafness is more likely in a musician?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the best example of your kinesthetic sense?
Which of the following is the best example of your kinesthetic sense?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Confirmation Bias
- Thom, believing his congresswoman is honest, seeks supporting evidence (charity) while ignoring conflicting information (ethics violations).
Range of Makeup Exam Scores
- The range of scores (22) was calculated from the highest (49) and lowest (27) scores listed.
Humanistic Perspective
- Focuses on human potential for personal growth and self-improvement.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
- Repeated stimulation strengthens synaptic connections, improving learning and memory.
Rehearsal
- Repeating someone's name multiple times helps you remember it.
Operational Definitions
- Clearly define variables to allow study replication.
Algorithms
- A method that guarantees a correct solution by using strict steps and rules.
Theories
- Organize information about a phenomenon.
Recognition
- Identifying something among multiple options.
Positive Correlation
- An increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another. Example, higher team score is correlated to greater food sales.
Evolutionary Perspective
- Focuses on inherited behaviors that contribute to survival and reproduction.
Encoding Failure
- Information is not properly registered or translated into memory.
Positive Correlation (Scatterplot)
- A positive relationship between two variables is shown in a scatterplot that shows increasing values of both variables in a positive correlation.
Proactive Interference
- Previous knowledge of one topic hinders learning or recall of a new topic (like Spanish hinders Portuguese word recollection).
Mean Score
- The average score (16.25 minutes) calculated from a set of data.
Episodic Memory
- Memory for personal events.
Processing Differences
- Memory is enhanced by methods which focus on visualization as opposed to pronunciation.
Serial Position Effect
- Better recall of items at the beginning and end of a list compared to the middle.
Cognitive Perspective
- Focuses on how interpretations of situations affect behaviors.
Declarative Memory
- Facts and personal information (episodic or semantic).
Correlational Studies vs. Descriptive Studies
- Correlational studies analyze relationships between variables (one factor predicting another), while descriptive studies analyze the characteristics of variables.
Scatterplot
- A graph that displays the relationship between two variables using data points.
Illusory Correlation
- Incorrectly assuming a relationship between two variables based on a few associations.
Anterograde Amnesia
- Inability to create new memories after a brain injury.
Median Score
- The middle value in a data set (8) when organized in ascending or descending order.
Semantic Encoding
- Linking words/information to personal experiences/life.
Naturalistic Observation
- Studying behavior in its natural setting.
Survey
- A method of data collection used to measure attitudes or opinions of multiple people.
Convergent Thinking
- Narrowing down possible solutions to a problem.
Implicit Memory
- Unconscious memory (like procedural memories).
Encoding Failure (Coin)
- A failure to establish strong information about attributes of a simple object like coin (e.g. head position).
Correlational Research Method
- Investigating relationships between variables without manipulating them (useful for ethically sensitive topics).
Recognition (Bank Robbery Witness)
- Identifying a suspect in a lineup.
Concept (Automobile)
- Categorization/grouping of items with similar attributes.
Prototypes
- Mental representation of common features of concepts.
Correlational Study (High School Attendance)
- Assessing the relationship between high school attendance and academic performance.
Mode
- The most frequent value in a data set (44).
Availability Heuristic
- Decisions are skewed by easily remembered (vivid) events rather than complete data.
Hindsight Bias
- Believing you could have predicted an event after it already happened.
Hippocampus (Sleep Deprivation)
- Professor Walker links the shutting down of the hippocampus to sleep deprivation.
Strongest Correlation
- The correlation coefficient with the highest absolute value (-0.95).
Naturalistic Observation (Classroom Behavior)
- Observing child behavior in their classroom.
Insight
- Sudden comprehension of a problem's solution.
Biological Perspective
- Understanding memory through biological mechanisms (stroke/brain disease impact).
Iconic Memory
- Brief sensory memory for visual information.
Strongest Negative Correlation
- Correlation coefficient with the lowest absolute value (-0.90).
Cognitive Psychology
- Study of mental processes.
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
- Graph showing the relationship between forgetting and time.
Context Dependent Memory
- Enhanced memory when environment is matched with the original learning environment (coral reefs example).
Transduction
- Sensory systems converting stimuli into neural signals.
Alpha Waves
- Brain waves associated with relaxation and closing eyes.
Occipital Lobes (PET Scan)
- Brain region activated when viewing a painting.
Reduced Inhibition (Alcohol)
- Decreased ability to control impulses/emotions.
Diminished Immunity (Sleep Deprivation)
- Negative impact on the immune system.
Refraction Points (Eye)
- Two points in the eye where light bends (cornea & lens).
Cerebral Cortex
- Location of association areas.
Stimulant (Drug)
- Nicotine.
Sleep Apnea
- Stopping breathing during sleep.
Cones (Vision)
- Color vision in bright light.
Pupil (Eye)
- Adjustable opening of the eye.
Inattentional Blindness
- Failing to notice an unexpected circumstance in a video.
Rods and Cones
- Receptor cells in the retina responding to light.
Figure-Ground
- Perceiving objects as distinct from their surroundings.
NREM-3 Sleep Time Reduction
- Description of older people's sleep patterns in regards to NREM-3 sleep (the first graph).
Sensory Adaptation
- Body's adjustment to unchanging stimuli (water temperature).
Parallel Processing
- Simultaneous processing of multiple aspects of a stimulus.
Perceptual Adaptation
- Adjusting perception over time to new or altered input.
Young-Helmholtz Theory
- Three color receptors for color perception.
Depth Perception (Visual Cliff)
- Innate ability to perceive depth.
Binocular Cue (Retinal Disparity)
- Depth cue requiring both eyes for perception.
Sensorineural Deafness
- Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear.
Kinesthetic Sense
- Perception of body movement and position.
Cochlea
- Structure in the ear responsible for sound-wave processing.
Sensory Interaction
- Example where one sense impacts another in the real world (congested sinuses and taste).
Middle Ear Bones
- Structures responsible for transmitting sound wave vibrations.
Cones (Color Perception)
- Role in color vision and color perception.
Top-Down Processing (Face Recognition)
- Using background knowledge and expectations to interpret stimuli.
Vestibular Sense
- Detecting body positions and movements in relation to surroundings.
Transduction (Reading a book)
- Eyes convert light from the page into neural signals.
Loudness (Sound)
- Analogous to brightness in light.
Olfactory Receptors
- Sensitivity to odors.
Feature Detectors
- Neurons responding to specific stimuli (like lines and edges).
Conduction Deafness
- Hearing loss caused by problems in sound conduction through the ear.
Somatosensory Cortex
- Brain area processing touch sensations.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in psychology, including confirmation bias, long-term potentiation, and operational definitions. Test your knowledge of the humanistic perspective, algorithms in research, and various cognitive processes. Each question is designed to deepen your understanding of psychological theories and practices.
