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Questions and Answers
When do nightmares usually occur?
When do nightmares usually occur?
What is the primary purpose of dreams, according to the Information Processing theory?
What is the primary purpose of dreams, according to the Information Processing theory?
What is the term for the storyline we remember from our dreams?
What is the term for the storyline we remember from our dreams?
According to Freud's Wish-Fulfillment theory, what do dreams express?
According to Freud's Wish-Fulfillment theory, what do dreams express?
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What is the criticism of Freud's Wish-Fulfillment theory?
What is the criticism of Freud's Wish-Fulfillment theory?
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What is the Activation theory of dreams?
What is the Activation theory of dreams?
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What can cause nightmares, according to the text?
What can cause nightmares, according to the text?
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What is the term for what the content in the dream actually means?
What is the term for what the content in the dream actually means?
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What is the Cocktail Party Effect?
What is the Cocktail Party Effect?
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What is Inattentional Blindness?
What is Inattentional Blindness?
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What is sleep, according to the definition provided?
What is sleep, according to the definition provided?
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What do brain imaging technologies like EEG reveal about brain activity during sleep?
What do brain imaging technologies like EEG reveal about brain activity during sleep?
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How does age affect circadian rhythm?
How does age affect circadian rhythm?
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What occurs during REM sleep?
What occurs during REM sleep?
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What is the duration of the sleep cycle?
What is the duration of the sleep cycle?
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What is the characteristic of NREM 1 sleep?
What is the characteristic of NREM 1 sleep?
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What can unhealthy sleep habits cause?
What can unhealthy sleep habits cause?
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What is a healthy sleep habit?
What is a healthy sleep habit?
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What is narcolepsy?
What is narcolepsy?
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What is the purpose of dreams, according to oneirology?
What is the purpose of dreams, according to oneirology?
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What is a common sleep disorder in young children?
What is a common sleep disorder in young children?
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What happens to a person with sleep apnea?
What happens to a person with sleep apnea?
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What is the benefit of a regular sleep schedule?
What is the benefit of a regular sleep schedule?
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Why is sleep important for babies' cognitive development?
Why is sleep important for babies' cognitive development?
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What is the primary function of dreams according to the text?
What is the primary function of dreams according to the text?
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What is the main goal of hypnosis in treating individuals with stress, anxiety, and pain?
What is the main goal of hypnosis in treating individuals with stress, anxiety, and pain?
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According to the Social Influence Theory, what is the primary reason individuals respond to suggestions during hypnosis?
According to the Social Influence Theory, what is the primary reason individuals respond to suggestions during hypnosis?
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What is the term for the field of study that examines how drugs change psychological processes and states?
What is the term for the field of study that examines how drugs change psychological processes and states?
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What is the primary function of psychoactive drugs according to the text?
What is the primary function of psychoactive drugs according to the text?
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What is the Dissociation Theory's explanation for how hypnosis increases an individual's level of suggestibility?
What is the Dissociation Theory's explanation for how hypnosis increases an individual's level of suggestibility?
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What is the common misconception about hypnosis according to the text?
What is the common misconception about hypnosis according to the text?
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What is the term for the state of consciousness where suggestion is used to change sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or control over motor behavior?
What is the term for the state of consciousness where suggestion is used to change sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or control over motor behavior?
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What is the main effect of marijuana on the body?
What is the main effect of marijuana on the body?
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What is a common effect of LSD on the user's perception?
What is a common effect of LSD on the user's perception?
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What is Ecstasy classified as?
What is Ecstasy classified as?
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What is a health risk associated with using Ecstasy?
What is a health risk associated with using Ecstasy?
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What is tolerance a sign of?
What is tolerance a sign of?
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What is a symptom of withdrawal?
What is a symptom of withdrawal?
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What can happen to a user who consumes LSD?
What can happen to a user who consumes LSD?
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What can happen to a person's serotonin production after using Ecstasy?
What can happen to a person's serotonin production after using Ecstasy?
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Study Notes
Cocktail Party Effect
- The brain can attend to one person or voice amidst background noise.
- This phenomenon is also known as inattentional blindness.
Sleep
- Sleep is a natural, periodic, near-loss of consciousness that does not include being in a coma, under anesthesia, or hibernation.
- Brain waves are active during both wakefulness and sleep.
- Circadian rhythms are regular body rhythms that occur every 24 hours, including the wake/sleep cycle.
- Age can alter circadian rhythms, with high school and college students more awake at night and older adults more productive in the morning.
Sleep Cycle/Stages of Sleep
- The sleep cycle repeats every 90 minutes.
- There are two main stages of sleep: NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.
- NREM sleep includes stages 1-3, where sleep becomes progressively deeper.
- REM sleep is when vivid dreams occur.
Healthy Sleep Habits
- Establish a regular sleep schedule.
- Create a comfortable sleep environment.
- Avoid stimulants in the evening, large meals before bedtime, and naps after 3 pm.
- Engage in relaxing activities before bed, keep the room cool and dark, and exercise regularly.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia: recurring difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
- Narcolepsy: uncontrollable sleep attacks or excessive daytime sleepiness.
- Night Terrors: high arousal, increased heart rate, and the appearance of being terrified, typically in young children.
- Sleep Apnea: temporarily stopping breathing during sleep, causing oxygen deficiency and waking up.
Dreaming
- Dreams are a physiologically and psychologically conscious state during sleep, including a sequence of emotional images.
- Oneirology is the study of dreams, combining neuroscience and psychology.
- Dreams process information from the day and store it in long-term memory, which is important for babies' cognitive development.
- Nightmares usually occur during REM sleep and can indicate unresolved issues.
Sigmund Freud
- His theory is that dreams tap into our unconscious wishes and desires.
- "The Interpretation of Dreams" is one of his famous books.
- Manifest content is the storyline we remember from our dreams, while latent content is the underlying meaning.
Dream Theories
- Freud's Wish-Fulfillment Theory: dreams express our deepest wishes and unacceptable feelings.
- Information Processing Theory: dreams help our brains process and make sense of the day's events and store them into long-term memories.
- Activation-Synthesis Theory: dreams are what our minds do to make sense of random information during sleep.
Hypnosis
- A state of consciousness where suggestion is used to change sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or behavior.
- Hypnosis is effective in treating stress, anxiety, and pain.
- Social Influence Theory: hypnotized people react to suggestions primarily due to social pressures.
- Dissociation Theory: during hypnosis, individuals voluntarily have split-consciousness, detaching from their surroundings.
Psychoactive Drugs
- A chemical substance that alters psychological processes such as thinking, perception, and emotion.
- Psychopharmacology is the field of study that examines how drugs change psychological processes and states.
Specific Drugs
- Marijuana: relieves stress, causes euphoria, and increases auditory and visual perceptions; chronic use disrupts memory function, attention, and learning ability.
- LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide): causes hallucinations, distorted perceptions, dilated pupils, and high blood pressure; may cause anxiety and depression.
- Ecstasy: produces feelings of high energy, euphoria, closeness to others, and hallucinations; damages serotonin production, leading to mood and cognition issues.
Addiction
- Tolerance: a condition where a diminishing effect requires a larger dose of the substance.
- Withdrawal: a syndrome that develops after excessive and prolonged consumption, causing uncomfortable symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and mood alterations.
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Description
Learn about the Cocktail Party Effect, a phenomenon where the brain focuses on one voice amidst background noise, and its relation to inattentional blindness and experimental psychology.