Psychology: Cocktail Party Effect

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Questions and Answers

When do nightmares usually occur?

During daydreaming

When an individual is awake

During deep sleep

During REM sleep (correct)

What is the primary purpose of dreams, according to the Information Processing theory?

To express our deepest wishes and desires

To relive embarrassing moments

To experience severe trauma

To process and store information from the day's events (correct)

What is the term for the storyline we remember from our dreams?

Nightmare Disorder

Dream Theory

Latent Content

Manifest Content (correct)

According to Freud's Wish-Fulfillment theory, what do dreams express?

Our deepest wishes and desires Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of Freud's Wish-Fulfillment theory?

It lacks scientific evidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the Activation theory of dreams?

Signals are sent that stimulate our brain during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What can cause nightmares, according to the text?

Having an unresolved issue or trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for what the content in the dream actually means?

Latent Content Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cocktail Party Effect?

The ability to attend to only one person or one voice amidst background noise Signup and view all the answers

What is Inattentional Blindness?

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere Signup and view all the answers

What is sleep, according to the definition provided?

A natural, periodic, near loss of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What do brain imaging technologies like EEG reveal about brain activity during sleep?

Brain waves are active both when awake and asleep Signup and view all the answers

How does age affect circadian rhythm?

Age alters our circadian rhythm, with younger individuals preferring later nights and older individuals preferring earlier mornings Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during REM sleep?

Vivid dreams and rapid eye movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the sleep cycle?

Every 90 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of NREM 1 sleep?

Can be easily awakened Signup and view all the answers

What can unhealthy sleep habits cause?

A large variety of health problems Signup and view all the answers

What is a healthy sleep habit?

Avoiding stimulants in the evening Signup and view all the answers

What is narcolepsy?

Uncontrollable sleep attacks or excessive daytime sleepiness Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of dreams, according to oneirology?

To process information from the day and store it into our long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sleep disorder in young children?

Night terrors Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a person with sleep apnea?

They temporarily stop breathing while asleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of a regular sleep schedule?

It promotes overall health and well-being Signup and view all the answers

Why is sleep important for babies' cognitive development?

Because it helps them process information from the day Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dreams according to the text?

To make sense of random information in an individual's life Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of hypnosis in treating individuals with stress, anxiety, and pain?

To alter their sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to the Social Influence Theory, what is the primary reason individuals respond to suggestions during hypnosis?

Due to social pressures Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the field of study that examines how drugs change psychological processes and states?

Psychopharmacology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of psychoactive drugs according to the text?

To alter psychological processes such as thinking, perception, and emotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the Dissociation Theory's explanation for how hypnosis increases an individual's level of suggestibility?

By causing a person to detach from their surroundings Signup and view all the answers

What is the common misconception about hypnosis according to the text?

That it is an act where a hypnotist makes audience members cluck like chickens Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the state of consciousness where suggestion is used to change sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or control over motor behavior?

Hypnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of marijuana on the body?

It causes the body to relax and feel euphoria Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of LSD on the user's perception?

Distorted visual and auditory perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What is Ecstasy classified as?

Both a stimulant and a hallucinogen Signup and view all the answers

What is a health risk associated with using Ecstasy?

Severe overheating Signup and view all the answers

What is tolerance a sign of?

A person's physical dependence on the drug Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of withdrawal?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to a user who consumes LSD?

They may experience a trip or a near death experience Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to a person's serotonin production after using Ecstasy?

It may decrease, leading to lowered mood and cognition Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cocktail Party Effect

The brain can attend to one person or voice amidst background noise.
This phenomenon is also known as inattentional blindness.

Sleep

Sleep is a natural, periodic, near-loss of consciousness that does not include being in a coma, under anesthesia, or hibernation.
Brain waves are active during both wakefulness and sleep.
Circadian rhythms are regular body rhythms that occur every 24 hours, including the wake/sleep cycle.
Age can alter circadian rhythms, with high school and college students more awake at night and older adults more productive in the morning.

Sleep Cycle/Stages of Sleep

The sleep cycle repeats every 90 minutes.
There are two main stages of sleep: NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.
NREM sleep includes stages 1-3, where sleep becomes progressively deeper.
REM sleep is when vivid dreams occur.

Healthy Sleep Habits

Establish a regular sleep schedule.
Create a comfortable sleep environment.
Avoid stimulants in the evening, large meals before bedtime, and naps after 3 pm.
Engage in relaxing activities before bed, keep the room cool and dark, and exercise regularly.

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia: recurring difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy: uncontrollable sleep attacks or excessive daytime sleepiness.
Night Terrors: high arousal, increased heart rate, and the appearance of being terrified, typically in young children.
Sleep Apnea: temporarily stopping breathing during sleep, causing oxygen deficiency and waking up.

Dreaming

Dreams are a physiologically and psychologically conscious state during sleep, including a sequence of emotional images.
Oneirology is the study of dreams, combining neuroscience and psychology.
Dreams process information from the day and store it in long-term memory, which is important for babies' cognitive development.
Nightmares usually occur during REM sleep and can indicate unresolved issues.

Sigmund Freud

His theory is that dreams tap into our unconscious wishes and desires.
"The Interpretation of Dreams" is one of his famous books.
Manifest content is the storyline we remember from our dreams, while latent content is the underlying meaning.

Dream Theories

Freud's Wish-Fulfillment Theory: dreams express our deepest wishes and unacceptable feelings.
Information Processing Theory: dreams help our brains process and make sense of the day's events and store them into long-term memories.
Activation-Synthesis Theory: dreams are what our minds do to make sense of random information during sleep.

Hypnosis

A state of consciousness where suggestion is used to change sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or behavior.
Hypnosis is effective in treating stress, anxiety, and pain.
Social Influence Theory: hypnotized people react to suggestions primarily due to social pressures.
Dissociation Theory: during hypnosis, individuals voluntarily have split-consciousness, detaching from their surroundings.

Psychoactive Drugs

A chemical substance that alters psychological processes such as thinking, perception, and emotion.
Psychopharmacology is the field of study that examines how drugs change psychological processes and states.

Specific Drugs

Marijuana: relieves stress, causes euphoria, and increases auditory and visual perceptions; chronic use disrupts memory function, attention, and learning ability.
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide): causes hallucinations, distorted perceptions, dilated pupils, and high blood pressure; may cause anxiety and depression.
Ecstasy: produces feelings of high energy, euphoria, closeness to others, and hallucinations; damages serotonin production, leading to mood and cognition issues.

Addiction

Tolerance: a condition where a diminishing effect requires a larger dose of the substance.
Withdrawal: a syndrome that develops after excessive and prolonged consumption, causing uncomfortable symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and mood alterations.

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Description

Learn about the Cocktail Party Effect, a phenomenon where the brain focuses on one voice amidst background noise, and its relation to inattentional blindness and experimental psychology.