Psychology: Classical Conditioning Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  • It weakens the probability of an action being repeated.
  • It eliminates all forms of behavioral response.
  • It strengthens the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. (correct)
  • It decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

    • What is an example of positive reinforcement?

  • Giving a child a toy for good behavior. (correct)
  • Removing food when hungry.
  • Turning off an annoying sound when a task is done.
  • Taking away privileges when rules are broken.

    • Which type of punishment involves adding an unpleasant stimulus?

  • Positive Punishment (correct)
  • Positive Reinforcement
  • Negative Reinforcement
  • Negative Punishment

    • What distinguishes primary reinforcers from secondary reinforcers?

    <p>Primary reinforcers do not need to be learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Law of Effect, what happens to an action followed by a satisfying consequence?

    <p>The action's probability of being repeated is strengthened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

    <p>Turning off a fan to stop feeling cold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during operant conditioning when a behavior is followed by a punishment?

    <p>The behavior is likely to diminish in frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines a secondary reinforcer?

    <p>It becomes reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

    <p>Praise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which schedule of reinforcement does reinforcement occur after a variable number of responses?

    <p>Variable Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of shaping in operant conditioning?

    <p>To gradually teach a new behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does observational learning significantly involve?

    <p>Watching and understanding others' actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following schedules of reinforcement occurs after a fixed period of time?

    <p>Fixed Interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?

    <p>Children who observed aggression were more likely to behave aggressively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of modeling in cognitive-social learning?

    <p>Imitating the behavior of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes secondary reinforcers?

    <p>They gain their value through association with primary reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first process in Bandura's theory of observational learning?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'insight learning'?

    <p>A sudden realization of a solution to a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when a conditioned response reappears after a pause, even after extinction has occurred?

    <p>Spontaneous Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cognitive map help us to do?

    <p>Navigate a physical environment without real-time feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes generalization in conditioning?

    <p>Responding to the original stimulus and similar stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key process involves the observer wanting to imitate a behavior?

    <p>Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning remains hidden until it is needed?

    <p>Latent learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of classical conditioning, what role does the neutral stimulus play?

    <p>It is paired with a natural stimulus to create a conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does discrimination differ from generalization in classical conditioning?

    <p>Discrimination involves identifying and responding to a specific stimulus only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Bandura's theory, why is attention important?

    <p>It ensures the model's behavior stands out to the observer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Tolman's studies with rats help illustrate?

    <p>The concept of cognitive maps in spatial learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conditioned response in the example of smartphone notifications?

    <p>Emotional response of stress or excitement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes 'retention' in observational learning?

    <p>Remembering the observed behaviors for future use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies Watson's concept of Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)?

    <p>A child being scared of a white rat after associating it with a loud noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example of the alarm bell, what type of stimulus is the alarm sound categorized as?

    <p>Natural Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a conditioned stimulus do in classical conditioning?

    <p>Triggers a response after being paired with a natural stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does neuroplasticity play in learning a new skill?

    <p>It strengthens pathways related to the skill being learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective studying technique for long-term memory retention?

    <p>Spaced repetition of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can positive emotions impact learning?

    <p>They can enhance memory retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice can help manage stress and improve learning?

    <p>Practicing mindfulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of breaking a bad habit on the brain?

    <p>It weakens or overrides specific connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Tolman's rat experiments reveal about learning?

    <p>Rats already learned the maze but showed it only when rewarded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is primarily involved in forming new memories?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does neuroplasticity refer to?

    <p>The brain's ability to reorganize itself and form new neural connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is used as a temporary holding area for information?

    <p>Short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is crucial for learning motor skills and coordination?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes subconscious learning?

    <p>It occurs without conscious awareness and often has no immediate use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it easier to recall and perform skills in the future?

    <p>Strengthening certain synaptic connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory system is specifically used for problem-solving or reasoning tasks?

    <p>Working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Lecture Overview

    • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes resulting from practice or experience
    • The lecture covers Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Cognitive-Social Learning, and The Biology of Learning

    Classical Conditioning

    • Definition: Learning when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
    • Key Concepts:
      • Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that doesn't naturally bring about the response of interest
      • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without previous conditioning
      • Unconditioned Response (UCR): An unlearned reaction to an UCS without prior conditioning
      • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previous NS that, through repeated pairings with an UCS, now causes a conditioned response (CR)
      • Conditioned Response (CR): A learned reaction to a CS

    Classical Conditioning Process

    • Before Conditioning: UCS (e.g., food) → UCR (e.g., salivation); NS (e.g., bell) → No response
    • During Conditioning: NS (bell) is paired with UCS (food) → UCR (salivation)
    • After Conditioning: CS (bell) → CR (salivation)

    Key Principles of Classical Conditioning

    • Acquisition: The phase in which a response is first established. Organisms learn to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
    • Extinction: Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned response weakens and eventually disappears.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: The conditioned response can suddenly reappear when the conditioned stimulus is presented again after a rest period. Usually temporary and weaker than the initial response.

    Generalization and Discrimination

    • Generalization: Learned response to not only the original stimulus but also to other similar stimuli.
    • Discrimination: Learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli.

    Watson's Contribution

    • Conditioned Emotional Response (CER): A classically conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus.
      • Example: Little Albert and the white rat experiment

    Application in Daily Life

    • Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus being paired with a natural stimulus, eventually eliciting the same response as the natural stimulus.
      • Example: Smartphone notifications. The neutral stimulus (notification sound) is repeatedly paired with a natural stimulus (something exciting or stressful) and leads to an emotional response (stress or excitement).
      • Example: Alarm bell. Alarm sound (neutral stimulus) repeatedly paired with waking up (natural stimulus) becoming associated with being alert (conditioned response).

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant/Instrumental Conditioning: Learning where voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences.
    • A type of learning where behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.
    • Specifically through reinforcement (increase behavior) or punishment (decrease behavior)

    Thorndike's Contribution

    • Law of Effect: The probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasurable or satisfying consequence.

    Reinforcement and Positive Reinforcement

    • Positive Reinforcement: Adding something pleasant to increase behavior.
      • Example: Giving praise or rewards for completing tasks.

    Negative Reinforcement

    • Negative Reinforcement: Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior.
      • Example: Turning off a loud noise once a task is completed.

    Punishment (Positive and Negative)

    • Positive Punishment: Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior.
      • Example: Giving a parking ticket for illegal parking.
    • Negative Punishment: Removing something pleasant to decrease behavior.
      • Example: Taking away a toy from a child who misbehaves.

    Reinforcers (Primary and Secondary)

    • Primary Reinforcers: Naturally reinforcing; satisfy basic biological needs (food, water, sleep).
    • Secondary Reinforcers: Learned reinforcers that get their power through conditioning. (money, praise).

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Reinforcement occurs on a partial/intermittent schedule.
    • Fixed ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of responses.
    • Variable ratio: Reinforcement after a variable number of responses.
    • Fixed interval: Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time.
    • Variable interval: Reinforcement after a variable amount of time.

    Shaping

    • A technique used in operant conditioning where you gradually teach a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

    Cognitive-Social Learning

    • A way of learning that combines thinking (cognitive processes) and observing others (social influence).
    • It involves observing others, understanding the results of their actions, and deciding whether to imitate their behavior.

    Key Ideas in Cognitive-Social Learning

    • Observational Learning: Learning by watching others (e.g., child learning to tie shoes).
    • Modeling: Imitating the behavior of others (e.g., a child modeling actions of a teacher).

    Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment

    • Children watched adults interact with a Bobo doll and then modeled that behavior themselves.
      • Demonstrates observational learning.

    Four Key Processes in Observational Learning

    • Attention: Paying attention to the model.
    • Retention: Remembering what the model did.
    • Reproduction: Being able to reproduce the behavior.
    • Motivation: Wanting to imitate the behavior.

    Insight Learning, Cognitive Maps, and Latent Learning

    • Insight Learning: Sudden understanding of a problem, typically following a "lightbulb moment".
    • Cognitive Maps: Mental representations of spatial layout.
    • Latent Learning: Hidden learning that's not evident until a need arises (e.g., knowing a route despite not actively trying to learn it).

    Biology of Learning

    • Neuroscience and Learning: Brain adapts based on experiences and practice.
    • Neurons and Synapses: Cells responsible for processing/transmitting info; Synapses are gaps between neurons.
    • Learning and Brain Structures: Different regions play roles in various learning types.
    • Memory systems: Short-term, working, and long-term.

    Neuroplasticity

    • The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections in response to experience and learning,

    Neuroscience and Learning in Day-to-Day Life

    • Learning skills/habits.
    • Breaking bad habits/behaviors.
    • Studying techniques (spaced repetition).
    • Emotional effects.
    • Mindfulness impact on learning and memory

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    Learning: Lecture Overview PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of Classical Conditioning in psychology. It covers key definitions, processes, and terminologies related to how learning occurs through stimulus pairing. Test your understanding of terms like neutral stimulus, conditioned response, and more.

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