Psychology: Classical Conditioning Overview

<p>Primary reinforcers do not need to be learned. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The action's probability of being repeated is strengthened. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turning off a fan to stop feeling cold. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The behavior is likely to diminish in frequency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Praise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable Ratio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gradually teach a new behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Watching and understanding others' actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixed Interval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children who observed aggression were more likely to behave aggressively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imitating the behavior of others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They gain their value through association with primary reinforcers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sudden realization of a solution to a problem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous Recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Navigate a physical environment without real-time feedback. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Responding to the original stimulus and similar stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latent learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is paired with a natural stimulus to create a conditioned response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination involves identifying and responding to a specific stimulus only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures the model's behavior stands out to the observer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of cognitive maps in spatial learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional response of stress or excitement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remembering the observed behaviors for future use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A child being scared of a white rat after associating it with a loud noise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural Stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triggers a response after being paired with a natural stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It strengthens pathways related to the skill being learned. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spaced repetition of information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can enhance memory retention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practicing mindfulness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It weakens or overrides specific connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rats already learned the maze but showed it only when rewarded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain's ability to reorganize itself and form new neural connections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs without conscious awareness and often has no immediate use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthening certain synaptic connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning where a neutral stimulus, paired with a natural stimulus, eventually elicits the same response as the natural stimulus.

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction, often temporary and weaker.

Learning a response to similar stimuli, not just the original.

Learning to respond only to a specific stimulus, and not similar ones.

Classically conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus.

A stimulus that initially does not elicit a response.

An automatic response to a natural stimulus.

A previously neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, now elicits a response.

Learning in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them.

Responses followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Any consequence that strengthens a behavior, increasing the likelihood it will occur again.

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.

A consequence that weakens or reduces a behavior, decreasing the likelihood it will occur again.

Stimuli that satisfy basic biological needs and are naturally reinforcing.

Learning by watching and imitating others, involving attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

The observer must pay attention to the model's behavior to learn.

The observer must remember the model's behavior to use it later.

The observer must be able to physically perform the observed behavior.

The observer must want to imitate the behavior, often driven by rewards or consequences.

A sudden understanding of a problem, often involving a moment of realization.

A mental representation of a space or structure, developed through experience.

Learning that is not immediately obvious, but becomes apparent later when needed.

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer.

Reinforcement given after a set number of responses.

Reinforcement given after a varying number of responses.

Training a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Learning through observing others, understanding outcomes, and deciding to imitate.

Imitating the behavior of others.

Experiment demonstrating observational learning by showing children's imitation of aggressive behavior observed in adults.

Learning that happens without conscious effort or awareness, often without immediate reward or punishment.

Learning forms new connections between brain cells (neurons) and alters brain structures. The brain changes based on experience.

Tiny gaps between neurons where communication occurs.

Learning strengthens certain synaptic connections, making it easier to recall and perform skills later.

Different brain regions have distinct roles in learning. For example, the hippocampus is crucial for forming memories, while the cerebellum helps with motor learning.

Neuroscience identifies three key memory systems: Short-term memory (temporary storage), working memory (for problem-solving), and long-term memory (for enduring storage).

The brain's amazing ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections due to learning, experience, or even injury.

Neuroplasticity explains how learning and memory physically change the brain, shaping its structure and function.

The brain's ability to change and adapt based on experiences. Repetition strengthens connections in the brain for a new skill, making it easier to perform over time.

The brain can rewire itself to break bad habits by weakening or overriding existing connections. Practicing healthier alternatives helps build new pathways.

A memory technique where you review information at increasing intervals to strengthen long-term retention.

Positive emotions, like feeling safe and encouraged, enhance memory and focus while stress hinders it.

Practicing mindfulness reduces stress, improves focus, and enhances learning by calming the brain and improving attention.