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What is the primary function of the ego in the structural model of the mind?
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable feelings or thoughts to another person?
What is the term for the process of directing potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior?
Who is associated with the development of self-psychology?
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What is the term for the process of incorporating the images, memories, and values of a person who was important to one's development?
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What is the term for the therapist's emotional reaction to the patient, often based on the therapist's own unconscious feelings?
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What is the primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy?
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What is the term for the process of exploring a patient's dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts?
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What is the term for the theory that emphasizes the importance of self-actualization and the role of external circumstances in blocking actualization?
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What is the term for the process of instructing a patient to say whatever comes to mind without censorship, in order to uncover repressed thoughts and feelings?
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What is psychological dysfunction associated with?
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According to Wakefield, what occurs when an internal mechanism is unable to perform its natural function?
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What is the relationship between behavioral, psychological, and biological dysfunctions?
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Why is it difficult to draw the line between normal and abnormal dysfunction?
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What is the distress criterion of psychological dysfunction?
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What is true about most psychological disorders?
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What is not true about the distress criterion?
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What is a key component of abnormal behavior?
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Who is associated with the concept of 'systematic desensitization'?
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What is 'stimulus generalization' in classical conditioning?
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Who is associated with the Little Albert experiment?
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What is 'extinction' in classical conditioning?
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What was Mary Cover Jones' contribution to psychology?
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What is the main goal of systematic desensitization?
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What is a key characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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What is the significance of ' prototypes' in the context of mental disorders?
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What is a key difference between DSM-V and DSM-IV?
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What is stigma associated with?
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What is the scientific study of psychological disorders called?
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What is a characteristic of a mental disorder according to the DSM-5?
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What is a key feature of abnormal behavior?
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What is required for a diagnosis of a mental disorder?
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What is a characteristic of trained professionals in the field of psychopathology?
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What is a key aspect of the concept of stigma?
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What is shaping in the context of Operant Conditioning?
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Which psychologist is associated with the law of effect?
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What is a key focus of Cognitive Therapy?
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Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was developed by which psychologist?
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What is the goal of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?
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What is a key concept in Cognitive Therapy?
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What do early behavior theories lack, according to the content?
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What is the focus of Cognitive Therapy, in terms of changing behavior?
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Study Notes
Understanding Psychopathology
- Psychological disorder or abnormal behavior: a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
- Criteria for psychological disorder:
- Psychological dysfunction: harmful dysfunction, breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, and value judgment component.
- Distress: the individual is extremely upset, but not all mental disorders cause distress.
- Disability or impairment: in some important area of life (e.g., work or personal relationships), but not all mental disorders involve disability.
- Violation of social norms: social norms are widely held standards that people use to make judgments about behavior.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
- Definition: behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.
- Prototype: when most or all symptoms of a disorder are present in an individual, their profile is called a prototype.
- Characteristics: the disorder occurs within the individual, involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving, and involves dysfunction in processes that support mental functioning.
Stigma
- Destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner.
- Four characteristics: a label is applied to a group of people, the label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes, people with the label are seen as essentially different, and people with the label are discriminated against unfairly.
Psychopathology
- Scientific study of psychological disorders, concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders.
- Trained professionals: clinical and counseling psychologists.
Structure of the Mind
- Id: source of strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies, operates according to the pleasure principle.
- Ego: reality principle, mediates conflict between the id and superego, and juggling their demands with realities of the world.
- Superego: conscience, represents the moral principle, and the voice within us that nags at us when we know we're doing something wrong.
Defense Mechanisms
- Unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check.
- Examples: denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation.
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
- Free association: patients say whatever comes to mind without censoring, intended to reveal emotionally charged material.
- Dream analysis: therapist interprets the content of dreams, reflecting the primary-process thinking of the id.
- Transference: patients relate to the therapist as they did to important figures in their childhood, particularly their parents.
- Countertransference: therapists project their own personal issues and feelings onto a patient.
- Psychoanalytic psychotherapy: focuses on reducing symptoms, but symptom substitution may occur.
Humanistic Theory
- Self-actualizing: the underlying assumption that all individuals could reach their highest potential if they had the freedom to grow.
- Abraham Maslow: hierarchy of needs.
- Carl Rogers: person-centered therapy, emphasizing unconditional positive regard, empathy, and a non-judgmental attitude.
Behavioral Model
- A.k.a. cognitive-behavioral model or social learning model.
- Ivan Pavlov: classical conditioning, stimulus generalization, and extinction.
- John B. Watson: behaviorism, Little Albert.
- Mary Cover Jones: Little Peter, extinguishing fear through classical conditioning.
- Joseph Wolpe: systematic desensitization, gradual exposure to phobic objects or situations to extinguish fear.### Operant Conditioning
- Shaping is a process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors, developed by B.F. Skinner.
Law of Effect
- Behavior is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of that behavior, as proposed by Edward Thorndike.
Cognition
- Early behavior theories did not leave room for cognition and emotion.
- The ways in which people think about, or appraise, situations can influence behavior in dramatic ways.
Cognitive Therapy
- Emphasizes that how people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders.
- Therapists help clients become aware of their maladaptive thoughts.
- Changing cognition can lead to changes in feelings, behaviors, and symptoms.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- Developed by Albert Ellis.
- Sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves, reflecting irrational beliefs.
- Aim is to eliminate self-defeating beliefs.
- People's interpretations of events can cause emotional turmoil, and therapy should focus on these beliefs rather than historical causes or overt behavior.
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Description
This quiz covers the concept of psychopathology, including psychological disorders and abnormal behavior. Understand the psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment.
