Psychology Chapter: Psychophysics and Emergence of Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Who studied the sense of touch and formulated Weber's Law?

Ernst Heinrich Weber

Which method in psychophysics involves presenting a standard stimulus along with variable or comparison stimuli of greater and lesser value than the standard?

  • Method of Average Error
  • Method of Adjustment
  • Method of Limits
  • Method of Constant Stimuli (correct)
  • Voluntary actions, according to Wundt, are mechanical and predictable.

    False

    Wundt believed strongly in the unity and interdependence of mental and __________ processes.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered a pioneer in the field of psychopharmacology for his early studies on the psychological effects of alcohol and morphine?

    <p>Kraepelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who played a critical role in urging the usage of psychiatric treatment in rehabilitating prisoners?

    <p>Kraepelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded clinical psychology and worked on topics such as perception of pain and special learning in children?

    <p>Lightner Witmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kraepelin's studies on dementia led to the study of Alzheimer's disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were some of Wundt's students who applied his values to a variety of sense modalities?

    <p>Edward Scripture, Edward Bradford Titchener, August Kirschmann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wundt's laboratory work involve?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wundt defined psychology as a science that investigates 'the ____ of consciousness.'

    <p>elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wundt defined sensation as an element of consciousness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions in Wundt's system:

    <p>Sensation = Element of consciousness Perception = Combinations of outward sense impressions Association = Passive or active combinations of elements Apperception = Active tridimensional theory of feeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychophysics and the Emergence of Psychology

    • Psychophysics pioneered the quantification of certain mental processes and demonstrated a lawful relationship between physical stimuli and psychological impressions.
    • Key concepts: threshold, 'just noticeable difference' (jnd), Weber's Law, and Fechner's method.

    Ernst Heinrich Weber

    • Studied the sense of touch and found that sensitivity varies widely depending on the part of the body stimulated.
    • Formulated Weber's Law to describe the relationship between physical and psychological differences.
    • Found that the jnd is a function of the amount of existing stimulation.

    Gustav Theodor Fechner

    • Developed new methodologies in psychophysics, including the method of limits, the method of average error, and the method of constant stimuli.
    • Fechner's method had wide applicability and became a standard part of training programs for experimental psychologists.

    Other Prominent Names

    • Rudolph Hermann Lotze: influenced by Weber and Fechner, considered the father of experimental psychology.
    • Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz: pioneered work in the perception of space and depth, and developed the tri-chromatic theory of color vision.

    Formal Founding of Psychology

    • Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt established the first formal laboratory of psychology at the University of Leipzig in 1879.
    • Wundt's laboratory was the key to launching a new discipline that was to be international in scope.
    • Wundt's thought emphasized the unity and interdependence of mental and physical processes.
    • Voluntarism: Wundt's system of thought emphasized psychological causality, and the importance of being able to replicate findings.

    Wundt's Laboratory Work

    • Studied various psychological phenomena, including sensation, perception, and the abilities to distinguish colors and tones.

    • Used rigorous approaches to modest problems in physiological psychology, sensation, and perception.

    • Developed several apparatus, including the beat-making apparatus, the eye motion demonstrator, the perimeter, the sound interrupter, and the tachistoscope.### Psychology's Two Tasks

    • Psychology has two tasks: to discover the elements of consciousness and to study the connections between these elements.

    Wundt's Contributions

    • Wundt believed in the existence of mental elements or pure sensations, such as the sensation of the beat of a metronome.
    • He recognized simple sensations as psychological elements.
    • Wundt defined sensation as an element of consciousness, and perception as combinations of outward sense impressions.
    • He believed that compound or combinations of elements may be passive (associations) or active (apperceptions).
    • Wundt's tridimensional theory of feeling involves pleasure and pain, strain and relaxation, and excitation and quiescence.

    Sensations and Perceptions

    • Wundt defined sensation as an element of consciousness and perception as combinations of outward sense impressions.
    • An idea generally refers to combinations that may come from memory, previous associations, etc.

    Association and Apperception

    • Wundt believed that compound or combinations of elements may be passive (associations) or active (apperceptions).

    Wundt's Legacy

    • Wundt is considered the founder of psychology because he wedded physiology and philosophy, bringing empirical methods to philosophical questions.
    • His principle of creative synthesis states that higher mental operations create new combinations that are more than the sum of their parts.

    Wundt's Students' Legacy

    • Emil Kraepelin learned experimental methodology from Wundt and applied it to early scientific studies of mental disorder.
    • Kraepelin advanced a theory of schizophrenia derived from Wundtian psychology.
    • He also studied the psychological effects of alcohol and morphine, establishing himself as a pioneer in psychopharmacology.
    • Kraepelin's work on dementia led to the study of Alzheimer's disease.
    • He envisioned a larger role for psychiatrists in the courtroom and believed the root of psychopathology to be largely organic.

    Lightner Witmer's Contributions

    • Lightner Witmer founded clinical psychology and worked on topics such as perception of pain and special learning difficulties in children.
    • He opened the world's first clinic headed by a psychologist, which handled mainly learning disorders and problems of mentally handicapped children.

    Summary

    • Wundt's students, including Emil Kraepelin and Lightner Witmer, made significant contributions to psychology, psychiatry, and psychopharmacology.
    • Their work built upon Wundt's principles and legacy, shaping the development of psychology and related fields.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the topic of psychophysics, its prominent figures, and the emergence of psychology as a field of study. It includes questions on Ernst Heinrich Weber, Gustav Theodor Fechner, Rudolph Hermann Lotze, and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.

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