Psychology Chapter on Validity

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Questions and Answers

What does statistical power refer to?

The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it's false.

What is face validity concerned with?

The appearance of measuring what it claims to measure.

What does discriminant validity show?

Different constructs are measured distinctly and are not correlated.

What are controls in research?

Methods put in place to rule out threats of validity. Signup and view all the answers

What does the phi coefficient measure?

The association strength between two categorical variables. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of test validity?

Criterion, content, and construct related. Signup and view all the answers

What does test-retest involve?

Comparing results from the same test taken at different times. Signup and view all the answers

What does Solomon Four Group Design involve?

Four groups with different combinations of pretests and treatments. Signup and view all the answers

What is random assignment?

Giving each member of the population an equal chance to be included in a sample. Signup and view all the answers

What is within subjects design?

Each participant experiences all conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What does construct validity assess?

How well the labels or concepts correspond to the theoretical constructs being measured. Signup and view all the answers

What does operational definitions help with?

Scientifically studying a construct. Signup and view all the answers

What does convergent validity show?

Different instruments measuring the same construct yield the same results. Signup and view all the answers

What is a main effect?

The overall impact of one independent variable on the dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What do moderator variables do?

Impact how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What is statistical conclusion validity?

Whether the independent and dependent variables are statistically connected. Signup and view all the answers

What does regularity suggest?

The consistency of natural laws regardless of time or location. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of validity?

Criterion, content, and construct related. Signup and view all the answers

What do mixed factorial designs integrate?

Both within subjects and between subjects. Signup and view all the answers

What is contiguity in inferring causality?

The presumed cause and effect occur close together in both time and space. Signup and view all the answers

What does block randomization help with?

Counteracting potential biases in the order of conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the main advantage of a within-subjects design?

Equivalence is certain because the same participants are used across conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What do interrupted time series designs involve?

Repeated measures on the same subjects across different time periods. Signup and view all the answers

What is criterion-related validity?

How well one measure predicts an outcome based upon another measure. Signup and view all the answers

What does Solomon Four-Group Design include?

Specific groups and analysis of treatment effects. Signup and view all the answers

What is internal validity about?

The cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Signup and view all the answers

What does binning do?

Divides continuous data into discrete categories. Signup and view all the answers

What does maturation refer to?

Changes in participants over time. Signup and view all the answers

What do time-series designs observe?

Changes within a group over time, before and after treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Validity

Face Validity: Looks at whether a test appears to measure what it claims to measure, assessed subjectively.
Discriminant Validity: Demonstrates that different constructs are measured separately and are not correlated.
Construct Validity: Measures how well labels or concepts align with the theoretical constructs being measured.
- Examines the relevance of these labels to the theory being studied.
- Determines if a test accurately measures what it intends to measure.
- Focuses on whether the concepts used truly reflect what's being measured.
Convergent Validity: Shows that various instruments measuring the same construct produce similar results.
- Reveals how well different measures of the same construct correlate with each other.
Criterion-Related Validity: Assesses how well one measure predicts an outcome based on another measure.
Content Validity: Ensures that a test's content adequately reflects the domain it aims to measure.
Statistical Conclusion Validity: Determines if a statistical relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables.
Internal Validity: Examines the cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Research Designs

Within-Subjects Design: Each participant experiences all conditions of the study.
- Controls for individual differences, making it strong in internal validity.
Between-Subjects Design: Each participant experiences only one condition of the study.
Mixed Factorial Designs: Integrate within-subjects and between-subjects designs for more versatile analysis.
- Allow for the analysis of interaction effects.
Solomon Four-Group Design: Involves four groups with different combinations of pretests and treatments.
- Helps to isolate the effects of pretesting and treatment.

Threats to Validity

Maturation: Refers to changes in participants over time, which may affect the results of a study.
History: Events occurring outside the study that may influence the results.
Testing: The act of testing itself may influence participants' performance.
Instrumentation: Changes in the measuring instrument may affect the results.
Regression to the Mean: Extreme scores tend to move closer to the average on subsequent measures.
Selection: Differences between groups prior to the study may affect the results.
Attrition: Participants dropping out of the study, which can bias the results.
Diffusion of Treatment: Participants in different groups sharing information about the study.

Causality

Contiguity: For an inferred cause-and-effect relationship, the presumed cause and effect must occur close together in both time and space.
Temporal Precedence: The cause must precede the effect.
Regularity: Natural laws are consistent regardless of time or location.
Controls: Methods implemented to eliminate threats to validity, including holding constants across groups.

Understanding of Science

Description: Involves accurately portraying a phenomenon.
Explanation: Provides reasons for why a phenomenon occurs.
Prediction: Involves forecasting future events based on past observations.
Control: The ability to manipulate a phenomenon to achieve a desired outcome.
Operational Definitions: Clearly define a construct for scientific study.

Other Concepts

Random Assignment: Each member of the population should have an equal chance of being included in a sample.
- Threats to this process include manipulation.
Phi Coefficient: Measures the association strength between two categorical (nominal) variables.
Statistical Power: The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.
Main Effect: The overall impact of one independent variable on the dependent variable.
Moderator Variable: Impacts how the independent variable affects the dependent variable, changing the strength or direction of that relationship.
Interrupted Time Series Design: Observes changes within a group over time, before and after a treatment.
Binning: Divides continuous data into discrete categories for simpler analysis.
Block Randomization: Helps to counteract potential biases in the order of conditions.
Test-Retest Reliability: Compares results from the same test taken at different times.
Three Types of Validity: Criterion, Content, and Construct related.

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Description

This quiz explores various types of validity in psychological testing, including face validity, discriminant validity, construct validity, convergent validity, criterion-related validity, and content validity. Each type plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and relevance of psychological measures. Test your understanding of these concepts and their applications in research.