Psychology Chapter on Thinking and Decision-Making

False (B)

Decision-making and emotional reasoning

<p>Iowa Gambling Task</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>14-17 year-olds = Outperform 11-13 year-olds = Average performance 9-10 year-olds = Below average performance Adults = Demonstrate advanced decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Joy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical changes, cognitive interpretation, social and cultural factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine = Arousal and alertness during stress Adrenaline = Response to physical or emotional stress Oxytocin = Encouragement of trust and bonding Cortisol = Regulation of stress responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to ignore evidence that contradicts your beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leon Festinger</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optimism Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hindsight Bias = Overestimating the predictability of an outcome Belief Perseverance = Holding onto beliefs despite contradictory evidence Optimism Bias = Thinking bad events are unlikely to happen Illusory Correlation = Misidentifying non-existent correlations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lead to stereotypical thinking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of payment on perceptions of a boring task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitudes, subjective norms, or perceived behavioral control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hearing the title of the speech beforehand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darley and Gross = Predictions based on socioeconomic status Bransford and Johnson = Better recall with a title before a speech Anderson and Pichert = Memory influenced by perspective Brewer and Treyens = Recall affected by office schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.45 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heuristics are easier and quicker to use than algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intuitive thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affect Heuristic = Relying on emotions rather than facts Availability Heuristic = Relying on prominent information Representativeness Heuristic = Assuming similarity based on past experience Anchoring Heuristic = Relying on an initial estimate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability Heuristic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitudes can change and self-reported attitudes may not reflect actual behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A category in our mind for a class of objects with common traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-schemas = Guiding expectations about ourselves Scripts = Step-by-step sequences in specific situations Social schemas = Generalizations about groups of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accommodation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Rat Man study</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to incorrectly identify correlations where there are none.

The tendency to overestimate the probability of predicting a correct decision after knowing the outcome.

Focusing on information that confirms your beliefs and ignoring information that contradicts them.

Holding onto beliefs even after they've been proven false.

The tendency to think that nothing bad will ever happen to you.

Focusing on a limited amount of stimuli when several are occurring at the same time.

Focusing on the values named in the question instead of verifying falsifiable rules.

An overwhelming negative feeling that occurs when our attitudes contradict our behavior.

The mental process of changing and reorganizing information in memory to create something new.

The process of making choices or decisions.

A mental category or label for objects, people, or ideas that share common features.

The most typical or representative example of a concept.

Statements that express one distinct idea, combining concepts.

Mental networks that hold our assumptions about the world, based on our experiences.

Information processing that is directly influenced by our senses, without prior knowledge.

Information processing that is influenced by prior experiences and expectations.

A subjective feeling triggered by significant stimuli, involving physical changes, cognitive interpretations, and social/cultural influences.

The fundamental emotions we're born with, like anger, happiness, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, contempt, and possibly pride.

Emotions that can vary depending on culture and age, possibly influenced by learning and personal experiences.

The part of the brain that rapidly assesses sensory information, determines its emotional importance, and decides how to respond, especially to fear.

A direct pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala, providing a rapid response to sensory input.

A pathway involving the cortex and hippocampus after the thalamus, allowing for cognitive evaluation before reaching the amygdala.

A hormone released during stress and intense emotions, producing a state of arousal and alertness. Involved in various emotional states, but with different brain patterns.

A hormone associated with trust and forming relationships. It influences social behavior and encourages bonding.

A model that explains how people form intentions to behave in a certain way, based on attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

The belief that a behavior is good or bad. It's your personal evaluation of the behavior.

The social pressure you feel to perform or not perform a behavior. It reflects what important people in your life think you should do.

Your belief in your ability to perform the behavior. It involves self-efficacy and control over the behavior.

A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution to a problem.

Mental shortcuts or simplified strategies that help us make fast decisions. Often used in everyday life to deal with complex problems quickly.

A type of heuristic where we rely on emotions to make judgments. We base decisions on how we feel about something, rather than objective facts.

A type of heuristic where we rely on readily available information in our minds. Things that are easily remembered influence our judgment.

Mental structures that help us organize and interpret information about the world. They act as shortcuts, but can also lead to stereotypes.

A study where participants were given either a 'poor' or 'rich' schema about a girl, influencing their predictions about her future.

A study showing that providing a title to a story significantly improved participants' comprehension and recall.

A study that found that being given a specific perspective (burglar or home buyer) influenced what details people remembered from a story.

A study where participants were expected to recall objects from a typical office. They remembered items consistent with their office schema, even if the objects were not present.

Thinking that relies on intuition, feelings, and quick judgments to understand the world.

A study where participants chose less logical options based on a 'gut feeling', despite knowing statistically better options existed.

Memories strongly associated with emotions, often vivid and detailed, but susceptible to reconstruction.

A brain region involved in processing emotions and making decisions, particularly considering long-term consequences.

A test that measures decision-making skills by requiring individuals to choose between decks of cards with varying rewards and penalties.

Damage to the VPC affects the ability to consider long-term consequences, leading to poor choices and difficulty learning from mistakes.