Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is normative social influence and how does it affect individual behavior?
What is normative social influence and how does it affect individual behavior?
Normative social influence is when individuals conform to be liked or accepted by a group, often leading them to change their behavior, such as starting to smoke to fit in.
How does normative social influence relate to the phenomenon of bullying among peers?
How does normative social influence relate to the phenomenon of bullying among peers?
Normative social influence can encourage bullying as individuals may comply with a bully to maintain group approval, leading them to victimise others to avoid disapproval.
What evidence did Lucas et al. provide regarding informational social influence in decision-making?
What evidence did Lucas et al. provide regarding informational social influence in decision-making?
Lucas et al. found that conformity to incorrect answers in math increased when questions were difficult and individuals rated their math ability unfavorably.
According to Deutsch and Gerrard’s 'Two Process Model,' how do normative and informational social influence interact?
According to Deutsch and Gerrard’s 'Two Process Model,' how do normative and informational social influence interact?
Why might it be more beneficial to view NSI and ISI as complementary rather than separate processes?
Why might it be more beneficial to view NSI and ISI as complementary rather than separate processes?
What was the purpose of conducting the experiment without confederates beforehand?
What was the purpose of conducting the experiment without confederates beforehand?
How does successful replication of the experiment contribute to reliability?
How does successful replication of the experiment contribute to reliability?
What ethical guideline did the researchers breach during the experiment?
What ethical guideline did the researchers breach during the experiment?
How do ethical issues relate to the validity and reliability of the findings?
How do ethical issues relate to the validity and reliability of the findings?
What evidence from the study supports the idea of normative social influence?
What evidence from the study supports the idea of normative social influence?
Why is it claimed that the study lacks ecological validity?
Why is it claimed that the study lacks ecological validity?
What sampling issue undermines the population validity of the study?
What sampling issue undermines the population validity of the study?
What potential psychological harm could participants experience after the study?
What potential psychological harm could participants experience after the study?
What was the initial reaction of both guards and prisoners in the study regarding their roles?
What was the initial reaction of both guards and prisoners in the study regarding their roles?
How did the guards' behavior change during the study?
How did the guards' behavior change during the study?
How did prisoners react to the institutional environment of the study?
How did prisoners react to the institutional environment of the study?
What changes were made in the management of prisons as a result of the research findings?
What changes were made in the management of prisons as a result of the research findings?
What ethical practices were implemented after the study, given the breach of guidelines?
What ethical practices were implemented after the study, given the breach of guidelines?
What evidence suggests that prisoners perceived the prison environment as real?
What evidence suggests that prisoners perceived the prison environment as real?
What significant observation was made regarding the relationship between guards and prisoners as the study progressed?
What significant observation was made regarding the relationship between guards and prisoners as the study progressed?
What is one limitation of the study's validity, considering the methods used?
What is one limitation of the study's validity, considering the methods used?
What ethical concerns arose from the psychological distress experienced by participants in Zimbardo's study?
What ethical concerns arose from the psychological distress experienced by participants in Zimbardo's study?
Define the agentic state in the context of obedience to authority.
Define the agentic state in the context of obedience to authority.
What is meant by an 'agentic shift'?
What is meant by an 'agentic shift'?
How does the legitimacy of authority influence obedience according to the content above?
How does the legitimacy of authority influence obedience according to the content above?
In Milgram's study, why did participants view the experimenter as a legitimate authority?
In Milgram's study, why did participants view the experimenter as a legitimate authority?
What situational factors can affect an individual's willingness to obey authority?
What situational factors can affect an individual's willingness to obey authority?
What role does uniform play in the obedience towards authority figures?
What role does uniform play in the obedience towards authority figures?
Why is the breach of ethical guidelines in Zimbardo's study considered unacceptable by today's standards?
Why is the breach of ethical guidelines in Zimbardo's study considered unacceptable by today's standards?
What potential positive outcome does the research on obedience suggest when it comes to society?
What potential positive outcome does the research on obedience suggest when it comes to society?
What did Gina Perry's review of interview tapes reveal about participants' thoughts during Milgram's study?
What did Gina Perry's review of interview tapes reveal about participants' thoughts during Milgram's study?
What was a notable finding from Milgram's study regarding participants' belief in the electric shocks?
What was a notable finding from Milgram's study regarding participants' belief in the electric shocks?
How does the study's high replicability contribute to its credibility?
How does the study's high replicability contribute to its credibility?
In the replication study 'Le Jeu de la Mort', what percentage of participants administered lethal shocks?
In the replication study 'Le Jeu de la Mort', what percentage of participants administered lethal shocks?
What did Hofling et al.'s (1966) study observe regarding obedience within a medical setting?
What did Hofling et al.'s (1966) study observe regarding obedience within a medical setting?
What insight does the research provide about human behavior in response to authority?
What insight does the research provide about human behavior in response to authority?
What implication does the research on obedience have for understanding historical events like the Holocaust?
What implication does the research on obedience have for understanding historical events like the Holocaust?
What role does social support play in reducing obedience, as demonstrated in Milgram's study variations?
What role does social support play in reducing obedience, as demonstrated in Milgram's study variations?
How did Gamson et al.'s research contribute to our understanding of resistance to social influence?
How did Gamson et al.'s research contribute to our understanding of resistance to social influence?
What was the primary aim of Moscovici's study on minority influence?
What was the primary aim of Moscovici's study on minority influence?
In Moscovici's experiment, what effect did consistent confederate answers have on participant responses?
In Moscovici's experiment, what effect did consistent confederate answers have on participant responses?
What is the significance of the 10% obedience rate in the presence of disobedient confederates in Milgram's variations?
What is the significance of the 10% obedience rate in the presence of disobedient confederates in Milgram's variations?
Describe how normative social influence was observed in the context of Gamson et al.'s findings.
Describe how normative social influence was observed in the context of Gamson et al.'s findings.
How did the setup of Moscovici's study reflect the dynamics of majority and minority influence?
How did the setup of Moscovici's study reflect the dynamics of majority and minority influence?
What does the finding that 88% of group members resisted conforming in Gamson et al.'s study suggest about group influence?
What does the finding that 88% of group members resisted conforming in Gamson et al.'s study suggest about group influence?
Flashcards
Normative Social Influence (NSI)
Normative Social Influence (NSI)
When people conform to be liked or accepted by a group. They're driven by a desire to fit in and avoid social disapproval.
Informational Social Influence (ISI)
Informational Social Influence (ISI)
The tendency to conform to others because you believe they have more information or expertise than you. You're less sure of your judgment.
Conformity Example: Smoking
Conformity Example: Smoking
A scenario where a person is surrounded by other people who smoke, and they start smoking to fit in and avoid social disapproval. This is an example of NSI.
NSI in Bullying
NSI in Bullying
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ISI in Math Problems
ISI in Math Problems
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Lab Experiment
Lab Experiment
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Extraneous Variables
Extraneous Variables
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Confounding Variable
Confounding Variable
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Ecological Validity
Ecological Validity
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Population Validity
Population Validity
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Normative Social Influence
Normative Social Influence
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Deception
Deception
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Debriefing
Debriefing
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Role internalization
Role internalization
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Demand Characteristics
Demand Characteristics
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Institutionalization
Institutionalization
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Internalized Social Roles
Internalized Social Roles
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Social Context and Behavior
Social Context and Behavior
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Real-world implications
Real-world implications
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Ethical Considerations
Ethical Considerations
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Agentic Shift
Agentic Shift
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Agentic State
Agentic State
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Legitimacy of Authority
Legitimacy of Authority
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Expert Authority
Expert Authority
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Situational Factors
Situational Factors
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Appearance of Authority
Appearance of Authority
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Proximity (in Obedience)
Proximity (in Obedience)
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Buffers (in Obedience)
Buffers (in Obedience)
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Ethical Considerations in Milgram's Experiment
Ethical Considerations in Milgram's Experiment
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Real-world Applications of Milgram's Study
Real-world Applications of Milgram's Study
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Explaining Historical Events through Obedience
Explaining Historical Events through Obedience
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Internal Validity of Milgram's Study
Internal Validity of Milgram's Study
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Replicability of Milgram's Study
Replicability of Milgram's Study
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External Validity of Milgram's Study
External Validity of Milgram's Study
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Supporting Evidence: 'Le Jeu de la Mort'
Supporting Evidence: 'Le Jeu de la Mort'
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Supporting Evidence: Hofling et al. (1966)
Supporting Evidence: Hofling et al. (1966)
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Informative Social influence (ISI)
Informative Social influence (ISI)
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Social Support & Resistance to Obedience
Social Support & Resistance to Obedience
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Moscovici's Minority Influence Experiment
Moscovici's Minority Influence Experiment
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Consistency in Minority Influence
Consistency in Minority Influence
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Commitment in Minority Influence
Commitment in Minority Influence
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Flexibility in Minority Influence
Flexibility in Minority Influence
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Social Support & Resistance to Social Influence
Social Support & Resistance to Social Influence
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Study Notes
Social Influence
- Conformity is yielding to group pressures. It is a change in behaviour or opinion as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
- Internalisation: A permanent change in beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviour. Often resulting from informational social influence.
- Identification: A temporary change in behaviour and beliefs that only occurs in the presence of a group.
- Compliance: A temporary change in behaviour due to normative social influence (seeking approval/avoiding disapproval). Private disagreement exists.
Types of Conformity
- Internalisation: Accepting the group's beliefs, values, and behaviours as your own (strongest type).
- Identification: Adopting the group's behaviours and opinions publicly but not privately.
- Compliance: Behaving in line with the majority publicly even if you don't privately agree to the thoughts or behaviours.
Conformity to Social Roles (Zimbardo's Prison Study)
- Aim: To investigate how readily people conform to social roles in a simulated environment.
- Participants: 24 male undergraduate students randomly assigned as prisoners or guards.
- Procedure: The basement of Stanford University converted into a simulated prison. Participants were issued uniforms and assigned roles.
- Findings: Significant situational and role-related effects (prisoners' behaviours, guards' aggression, and rapid identification with the roles.
Factors Affecting Conformity
- Size of Majority/Group Size: Larger groups, typically 3-4 people, lead to higher levels of conformity.
- Unanimity/Unanimity of Majority: When unanimous, conformity is higher. If even one person disagrees, conformity levels fall significantly.
- Task Difficulty: More difficult tasks lead to increased conformity, as people are less certain of the correct response.
Evaluation of Conformity Studies (e.g., Asch)
- Strengths:
- High internal validity: Strict control over extraneous variables, allowing for reliable cause-and-effect.
- Lab experiment: Easy replication, increasing reliability.
- Weaknesses:
- Lacks ecological validity: The artificial task doesn't reflect real-life conformity situations.
- Lacks population validity: Based on a small, specific sample (American male undergraduates).
- Ethical issues: Deception used; need for cost-benefit analysis (briefing and debriefing).
Obedience (Milgram's Study)
- Aim: To investigate whether people would obey a figure of authority when told to harm another person.
- Procedure: Participants given the role of "teacher" and a confederate acts as the "learner". Participants ordered to increase shock intensity with each wrong answer.
- Findings: A high percentage of participants obeyed, even to the extreme shocks.
Factors Affecting Obedience
- Proximity: Closeness of the authority figure and victim impacts obedience levels. Lower proximity = lower obedience.
- Location: The prestige of the location can affect the obedience levels (e.g. prestigious university higher obedience).
- Uniform: Authority figure in uniform tends to garner higher levels of obedience.
Evaluation of Obedience Studies (e.g., Milgram)
- Strengths:
- High internal validity: Strict control over extraneous variables.
- Real-life applications: Explains situations like the Holocaust and potentially reduces obedience to destructive authority figures.
- Weaknesses:
- Lacks ecological validity: Artificial context, and the artificial tasks may not reflect real-life situations.
- Ethical issues: Deception and psychological harm to participants. Importance of debriefing and ethical considerations.
Explanations for Obedience
- Agentic State: Shifting responsibility from oneself to the authority figure.
- Legitimacy of Authority: Obedience to figures perceived as having legitimate authority.
- Situational Factors: Factors operating during the experiment influencing obedience (e.g., proximity, location, and uniform).
Dispositional Explanation for Obedience: Authoritarian Personality
- Authoritarian personality: A personality type characterised by a high respect for authority, intolerance of weakness, and rigidity. This type is more likely conform to and obey authority figures.
- Authoritarian personality measured by F-scale.
Resistance to Social Influence
- Locus of Control: Whether a person feels they have control over events in their life (internal versus external). Individuals with an internal locus of control are more resistant to social influence.
- Social Support: The presence of others who resist conformity or obedience can increase resistance levels within an individual.
Minority Influence
- Minorities can create social change by being consistent, committed, and flexible in their campaigning to affect opinion. This leads to the majority reconsidering the minority's point of view. Moscovici's study highlights this important factor of social support to effect conformity.
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Description
Explore the concepts of normative and informational social influence through this quiz. You will examine their roles in individual behavior, the effects on bullying, and the ethical considerations of related experiments. Test your understanding of key theories and evidence in social psychology.