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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
Which of the following is NOT considered a sense organ?
Which of the following is NOT considered a sense organ?
How do sensory receptors enter the central nervous system?
How do sensory receptors enter the central nervous system?
Which sense organ is primarily responsible for detecting light?
Which sense organ is primarily responsible for detecting light?
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What is the definition of sensation?
What is the definition of sensation?
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What role do taste buds play in sensation?
What role do taste buds play in sensation?
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Which sense organ is incorrectly paired with its function?
Which sense organ is incorrectly paired with its function?
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Which of the following correctly lists the sense organs?
Which of the following correctly lists the sense organs?
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What does the just noticeable difference (jnd) refer to?
What does the just noticeable difference (jnd) refer to?
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Which of the following characterizes subliminal stimuli?
Which of the following characterizes subliminal stimuli?
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What is subliminal perception?
What is subliminal perception?
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How does habituation differ from sensory adaptation?
How does habituation differ from sensory adaptation?
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What does the absolute threshold signify?
What does the absolute threshold signify?
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Which term describes the brain's tendency to ignore constant, unchanging stimuli?
Which term describes the brain's tendency to ignore constant, unchanging stimuli?
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What does supraliminal mean?
What does supraliminal mean?
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What occurs during sensory adaptation?
What occurs during sensory adaptation?
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What is the purpose of microsaccades in relation to visual stimuli?
What is the purpose of microsaccades in relation to visual stimuli?
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How is brightness related to the amplitude of a light wave?
How is brightness related to the amplitude of a light wave?
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What determines the color or hue of light as perceived by the human eye?
What determines the color or hue of light as perceived by the human eye?
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What does saturation refer to in the context of color?
What does saturation refer to in the context of color?
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Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to the human eye?
Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to the human eye?
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What is a characteristic of low amplitude light waves?
What is a characteristic of low amplitude light waves?
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What happens when black or gray is mixed into a color?
What happens when black or gray is mixed into a color?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between wavelength and color?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between wavelength and color?
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What is the primary function of the eardrum?
What is the primary function of the eardrum?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural messages?
Which of the following structures is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural messages?
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How does the structure of the cochlea contribute to hearing?
How does the structure of the cochlea contribute to hearing?
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What role do the three tiny bones in the middle ear play in hearing?
What role do the three tiny bones in the middle ear play in hearing?
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What is the function of the auditory nerve?
What is the function of the auditory nerve?
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Which part of the ear is responsible for detecting sound frequencies?
Which part of the ear is responsible for detecting sound frequencies?
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What structures compose the vestibular organ?
What structures compose the vestibular organ?
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What depth cue indicates that parallel lines converge at a distance?
What depth cue indicates that parallel lines converge at a distance?
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What happens when sound waves enter the auditory canal?
What happens when sound waves enter the auditory canal?
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Which depth cue suggests that finer textures imply greater distance from the viewer?
Which depth cue suggests that finer textures imply greater distance from the viewer?
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What is the effect of atmospheric perspective on distant objects?
What is the effect of atmospheric perspective on distant objects?
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Which cue causes objects that are smaller to be perceived as being farther away?
Which cue causes objects that are smaller to be perceived as being farther away?
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In linear perspective, what happens to two parallel lines as they extend into the distance?
In linear perspective, what happens to two parallel lines as they extend into the distance?
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How does texture gradient contribute to depth perception?
How does texture gradient contribute to depth perception?
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What visual cue relies on the assumption that objects closer to the viewer are larger?
What visual cue relies on the assumption that objects closer to the viewer are larger?
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Which depth cue is exemplified by observing that distant mountains appear less clear than nearby trees?
Which depth cue is exemplified by observing that distant mountains appear less clear than nearby trees?
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Study Notes
Sensation
- Sensation is the process of activating receptors in the sense organs.
- Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that make up the nervous system.
- Sense organs include the eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds.
Sensory Thresholds
- The just noticeable difference (jnd) or difference threshold is the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time.
- The absolute threshold is the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50% of the time it is present.
Subliminal Sensation
- Subliminal stimuli are stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness.
- They are strong enough to activate sensory receptors but not strong enough for conscious awareness.
- Subliminal perception is the process by which subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind, influencing behavior.
Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
- Habituation is the tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.
- Sensory adaptation is the tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.
- Microsaccades are constant, tiny eye movements that prevent sensory adaptation to visual stimuli.
Psychological Aspects of Light
- Brightness is determined by the amplitude of the light wave.
- Color or hue is determined by wavelength.
- Saturation is the purity of the color.
Structure of the Eye
- The cornea is the clear outer layer of the eye that protects the eye and helps focus light.
- The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris that allows light into the eye.
- The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
- The lens focuses light onto the retina.
- The retina is the light-sensitive lining of the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones.
- Rods are responsible for vision in low light conditions.
- Cones are responsible for color vision.
- The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
Visual Perception
- The trichromatic theory of color vision states that there are three types of cones, each sensitive to a different wavelength of light: red, green, and blue.
- The opponent-process theory of color vision states that color vision is based on three pairs of opposing processes: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.
Structure of the Ear
- The outer ear consists of the pinna, ear canal, and eardrum.
- The middle ear contains three small bones: the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
- The inner ear contains the cochlea, a snail-shaped structure filled with fluid.
- The organ of Corti, located inside the cochlea, contains receptor cells for hearing.
- The auditory nerve carries auditory information from the cochlea to the brain.
Hearing and Sound
- The frequency of a sound wave determines its pitch.
- The amplitude of a sound wave determines its loudness.
Taste and Smell
- Taste buds, located on the tongue, are responsible for taste.
- The olfactory epithelium, located in the nasal cavity, is responsible for smell.
- Taste and smell are closely linked.
Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
- The skin contains receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
- The vestibular sense is responsible for our sense of balance and spatial orientation.
- The kinesthetic sense is responsible for our awareness of our body's position and movement.
Perception
- Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
- Perceptual constancy is the tendency to perceive objects as unchanging even though the sensory information we receive from them changes.
- Gestalt principles of perception are a set of rules that help us organize our perceptions.
- Depth perception is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.
- Visual illusions are perceptions that do not match reality.
Gestalt Principles of Perception
- Figure-ground: The tendency to perceive objects as separate from their backgrounds.
- Proximity: The tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to the same group.
- Similarity: The tendency to perceive objects that are similar to each other as belonging to the same group.
- Closure: The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.
- Continuity: The tendency to perceive patterns that are continuous rather than discontinuous.
Depth Perception
- Monocular cues are depth cues that can be perceived with one eye.
- Binocular cues are depth cues that require the use of both eyes.
- Linear perspective: The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge in the distance.
- Texture gradient: The tendency for textures to appear finer and smoother in the distance.
- Aerial perspective: The tendency for objects in the distance to appear hazier than objects in the foreground.
- Relative size: The tendency for larger objects to appear closer than smaller objects.
Visual Illusions
- Illusions occur when the brain interprets sensory information incorrectly.
- Illusions can provide insights into how the brain processes information.
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes of sensation and perception in this quiz. Learn about how sensory receptors function, the concepts of thresholds, and the influence of subliminal stimuli on behavior. Test your understanding of habituation and sensory adaptation as well.
