Psychology Chapter on Relationships

Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about attachment dimensions are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Securely attached people experience the greatest satisfaction in relationships. (correct)

Internal working models of attachment are established late in life.

People who are anxious are more likely to have experienced the death of a parent or childhood abuse. (correct)

People who are anxious are more likely to have divorced parents. (correct)

Which construal tendencies are more likely to occur in dissatisfied, distressed couples? (Select all that apply)

Attributing positive events in their relationship to stable causes that are general, intended, and selfless.

Attributing negative events in their relationship to stable causes that are global, intended, and selfless. (correct)

Attributing negative events in their relationship to unstable causes that are specific, unintended, and selfish.

Attributing positive events in their relationship to unstable causes that are specific, unintended, and selfish. (correct)

Which statements describe evidence from research on the biological need to belong? (Select all that apply)

The elephants that grew up on their own were highly antisocial and aggressive. (correct)

Harlow's monkeys were highly fearful and engaged in inappropriate behaviors. (correct)

In both situations, social isolation led to social impairments. (correct)

Harlow's monkeys preferred the one that provided food when given access to mother surrogates.

Which statements about the challenges of studying relationships are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Relationship research sometimes involves longitudinal studies to understand relationships over time. Signup and view all the answers

Match the different perspectives about aesthetic beauty with their definitions.

Subjectivist view = Beauty is in the eye of the beholder and there are no particular universal rules about what is aesthetically beautiful. Objectivist view = Beauty is determined through balance, proportion, symmetry, and contrast in the design of objects. Fluency perspective = Recognizes simplicity in complexity; beauty is seen through how it stimulates the viewer. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the passage about key distinctions between communal relationships and exchange relationships.

Individuals in communal relationships feel a special responsibility for one another and expect the relationship to be long term. Signup and view all the answers

Match each example to the corresponding practice that promotes satisfying intimate bonds in romantic relationships.

Idealization = Pete apologizes for playing golf when he'd promised to paint the garage. Capitalization = When Rafael is given job advice by his husband. Playfulness = Leander's husband surprises her with play tickets. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the passage about the importance of relationships to humans.

Researchers believe that humans have a biological need to belong in relationships and that the human tendency to seek relationships out has a likely evolutionary basis since they help individuals and offspring survive—thus increasing the likelihood of passing on one's genes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements explain why couples tend to look alike over time? (Select all that apply)

People living together for a long time experience similar emotions that affect appearance. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about the results of studies of proximity and attraction are accurate? (Select all that apply)

The Westgate West study confirmed proximity was key to friendship. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about communal relationships and approaches are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Communal relationships are based on a sense of 'oneness' and family-like sharing. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about the halo effect are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Attractive people are believed to possess many other positive qualities. Signup and view all the answers

Is the following an example of a communal or exchange relationship: Dara helps her brother Roger with yard work due to his accident?

communal Signup and view all the answers

Which statements explaining the significance of attachment in cultures are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Secure attachments are marked by greater independence in some cultures. Signup and view all the answers

Is the following an example of a communal or exchange relationship: Jussi buys Meko's old PlayStation 3?

exchange Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of love to its description.

Companionate love = The love we typically experience with friends and family members. Romantic love = The love that is sometimes referred to as passionate love. Compassionate love = The love akin to a communal relationship. Signup and view all the answers

Match each term about theories and expectations of social exchange to its definition.

comparison level = Expectations about what people think they deserve or expect to get out of a relationship equity theory = Theory based on the idea that people are motivated to pursue fairness in their relationships social exchange theory = Theory based on the idea that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards comparison level for alternatives = Expectations about what people think they can get out of other potential relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about the stability of attachment styles are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Different attachment styles can be momentarily primed or activated. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of longer-lasting romantic relationships?

commitment Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about similarity and attraction are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Engaged couples have more similarities than random couples. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the passage about the role of factors relating to distance in attraction.

The sheer closeness, or proximity, of contact leads to attraction and liking. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these explanations has been offered for why mere repeated exposure leads to liking? (Select all that apply)

Because of the effects of classical conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What theory states that early instances of attachment can shape relationships for a person's entire life?

attachment Signup and view all the answers

Complete the passage about circumstances predicting dissatisfaction in romantic relationships.

People with certain personality traits—including neuroticism, anxiousness, and sensitivity to rejection—tend to have higher marital dissatisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about the role of gender in attractiveness are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Attractiveness is more important in determining women's life outcomes than men's. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the following passage about the evolutionary reasons adults and children find certain features physically attractive.

Evolutionary theory holds that people seek mates with characteristics—especially healthiness—that indicate good reproductive fitness. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about equity theory are accurate? (Select all that apply)

A relationship with too many rewards can feel unfair. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the passage about Caryl Rusbult's investment model of commitment.

Rusbult's model integrates many features of social exchange theory. It holds that once partners have a romantic bond, three factors determine their commitment to each other: satisfaction, alternatives, and investments. Signup and view all the answers

Based on research findings about divorce, which predictions about a hypothetical marriage are likely to be accurate? (Select all that apply)

There is about a 50 percent chance that divorce will occur. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the passage about practices that can strengthen romantic relationships.

Active capitalization, playfulness, and practicing idealization are key behaviors that can strengthen intimate bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Match the attachment patterns to the infant groups.

anxious = Infants whose caregivers sometimes responded intrusively secure = Infants who felt comfortable exploring new environments avoidant = Infants who did not seek out caregivers Signup and view all the answers

Which statements accurately describe the significance of caregiving observations by ethnologists?

They support the idea that humans have a biological need for relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Decide whether each outcome will likely result in more or less commitment toward a relationship.

absence of appealing alternative partners = more commitment presence of appealing alternative partners = less commitment greater perceived costs relative to rewards = less commitment greater investment of resources = more commitment greater perceived rewards relative to costs = more commitment smaller investment of resources = less commitment Signup and view all the answers

Complete the passage regarding approaches to explaining human attraction.

The evolutionary approach holds that differences in parental investment lead men to prefer women whose physical appearance indicates fertility, while women prefer men who can provide for them. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about marriage practices outside of modern Western culture are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Marriages arranged by parents are the prevailing model for most cultures. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the passage about the standards that influence evaluations of rewards and costs in relationships.

Comparison level reflects expectations from a relationship, while comparison level for alternatives considers potential outcomes from alternative relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Importance of Relationships

Biological need to belong is essential for human survival and evolutionary success.
Relationships enhance individual and offspring survival, increasing gene transmission.
Universal features of relationships exist across diverse cultures.

Communal vs Exchange Relationships

Communal relationships involve shared identity and emotional experiences, resembling one another in timing of laughter.
Exchange relationships are based on equity and reciprocity, lacking personal investment in emotional experiences.
Cultural differences exist in communal and exchange approaches; communal approaches are more varied across cultures than expected.

Attachment Styles Stability

Attachment styles can change in different relationships and be temporarily activated by situational factors.
Stability of attachment styles over time is not absolute; they can evolve based on experiences.

Proximity and Attraction

Closer physical proximity increases attraction through social contact and mere exposure effect.
Functional distance in living arrangements can enhance social interaction, promoting liking.

Mere Exposure Effect

Familiar stimuli are easier to process and often lead to increased liking due to classical conditioning.
Mere exposure does not relate to cognitive dissonance or the notion that familiarity breeds contempt.

Gender and Attractiveness

Physical attractiveness influences women's life outcomes more than men's, impacting financial and social resources.
Women's popularity is assessed more heavily on attractiveness compared to men.

Evolutionary Preferences in Attraction

Individuals prefer mates indicating health and reproductive fitness, favoring average features and bilateral symmetry.
Evolutionary theory suggests a preference for characteristics indicating good reproductive capacity.

Rusbult's Investment Model

Commitment in romantic relationships is determined by satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment magnitude.
Investments include time, effort, and shared experiences that enhance relationship stability.

Effects of Marriage and Conflict

Conflict in marriage is linked to increased health risks and immune system challenges.
Approximately 50% of marriages may end in divorce; these rates have fluctuated over time.

Strengthening Romantic Relationships

Active capitalization, playfulness, and idealization are key behaviors enhancing romantic bond quality.
Engaging positively with a partner's successes and maintaining a fun dynamic fosters intimacy.

Ainsworth's Attachment Classification

Anxious infants exhibit anger and less comfort during distress.
Secure infants respond positively to caregiver support, while avoidant infants reject attention.

Observations in Hunter-Gatherer Groups

Caring and flirting behaviors in hunter-gatherer cultures reflect universal relationship features and biological needs.

Commitment in Relationships

Absence of appealing alternatives increases commitment, while presence decreases it.
Higher investment and reward perceptions relative to costs lead to greater relationship commitment.

Attachment Style Dimensions

Secure attachment correlates with favorable relationship satisfaction, while anxious and avoidant styles reflect discomfort in intimacy.

Benefits of Physical Attractiveness

Attractive individuals receive favorable treatment and benefits in social and career contexts, enhancing their appeal.

Evolutionary vs Cultural Perspectives

Evolutionary approaches emphasize innate mate preferences based on health and reproductive potential.
Cultural perspectives highlight the influence of societal norms on mate selection criteria and values.

Characteristics of Romantic Love Stages

Increased comfort and intimacy occur as partners spend more time together, deepening emotional connections over time.

Complementarity Hypothesis

Evidence supports that some differences in traits may attract partners, but overall similarity is more influential in attraction.

Marriage Practices Across Cultures

Arranged marriages are common in many cultures, contrasting with norms of romantic love prevalent in Western contexts.

Evaluating Relationship Rewards and Costs

Comparison levels reflect personal expectations from relationships, influencing satisfaction and decisions to stay in or leave.

Attachment and Relationship Satisfaction

Anxious individuals may be prone to relationship difficulties if they experienced childhood disruptions.
Secure attachment yields higher satisfaction; unhealthy attachment styles correlate with relationship challenges.

Relationship Cognitions in Distress

Dissatisfied couples often attribute negative events to stable, global, and intended causes, distorting perceptions of positivity.

Biological Need to Belong

Social isolation leads to significant social impairments, as evidenced by Harlow's experiments with monkeys and observations of elephants lacking social interaction.### Relationship Research Challenges
Self-selection in participants can obscure whether differences in observations arise from situational experiences or inherent individual traits.
Longitudinal studies are often utilized to observe dynamics in relationships over time.
Many relationship studies lack scientific rigor, particularly in random sampling methods.

Perspectives on Aesthetic Beauty

Subjectivist view: Beauty is subjective and varies among individuals, without universally accepted standards.
Objectivist view: Aesthetic beauty is determined by elements like balance and symmetry, which create visual pleasure.
Fluency perspective: Beauty recognizes the appeal of simplicity amidst complexity, highlighting the viewer's stimulating experience.

Communal vs. Exchange Relationships

Communal relationships involve a sense of mutual responsibility and are typically long-term.
Exchange relationships are often short-term, emphasizing mutual equity and reciprocity in giving and receiving.

Practices for Intimate Romantic Relationships

Idealization occurs when one partner focuses on the other's positive attributes, promoting understanding.
Capitalization is the supportive practice of celebrating a partner's successes, strengthening bonds.
Playfulness involves engaging in shared fun and new experiences, enhancing relationship satisfaction.

Couples’ Similarity Over Time

Long-term cohabitation leads to shared diets and lifestyles, contributing to physical similarities.
Shared grooming habits and emotional experiences can also influence appearance over time.
Attractiveness based on similar traits may be misconstrued as genuine changes in appearance.

Proximity and Attraction Studies

Architectural layouts that encourage social interaction greatly influence friendship patterns.
The Westgate West study highlighted the significance of physical closeness in forming friendships.
Proximity has a more significant role in friendship dynamics than cross-age or cross-race connections.

The Halo Effect

Attractiveness often leads to perceptions of additional positive attributes, affecting social interactions.
Cultural differences can influence the manifestation of the halo effect.
Self-fulfilling prophecies may cause attractive individuals to be perceived as socially skilled, regardless of their true abilities.

Cultural Differences in Attachment

Secure attachments vary in significance across cultures—independence may be valued differently.
Interdependence is often prioritized within familial contexts in certain cultures.

Love Categories in Psychology

Companionate love: Common among friends and family, characterized by deep connection.
Romantic love: Associated with passion and intense emotional experiences.
Compassionate love: Similar to communal relationships, focused on mutual care and support.

Commitment in Relationships

Commitment fosters longer-lasting romantic relationships by promoting forgiveness and selflessness.

Similarity and Attraction Research

Engagement studies show that couples tend to exhibit more similarities than random pairings.
Demographic and physical similarities were notably stronger in engaged couples compared to random couples.

Attachment Theory by John Bowlby

Early attachment experiences with caregivers significantly influence relationship patterns throughout life.

Predictors of Relationship Dissatisfaction

Certain personality traits such as neuroticism and sensitivity increase the likelihood of marital dissatisfaction.
Low socioeconomic status is a notable demographic predictor of relationship problems.
Marrying at a young age can lead to increased vulnerability to dissatisfaction in relationships.

Equity Theory in Relationships

In collectivist cultures, equity may not be prioritized, and hierarchical imbalances can be deemed acceptable.
Relationships with disproportionate rewards and costs can be perceived as unfair, leading to dissatisfaction.
Equitable relationships are judged by the balance of benefits relative to individual contributions.

Studying That Suits You

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Explore the intricate dynamics of human relationships through this quiz. Covering the importance of belonging, different types of relationships, and attachment styles, this quiz emphasizes how proximity influences attraction. Test your understanding of these key psychological concepts.

Psychology Chapter on Relationships

Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about attachment dimensions are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Which construal tendencies are more likely to occur in dissatisfied, distressed couples? (Select all that apply)

Which statements describe evidence from research on the biological need to belong? (Select all that apply)

Which statements about the challenges of studying relationships are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Match the different perspectives about aesthetic beauty with their definitions.

Complete the passage about key distinctions between communal relationships and exchange relationships.

Match each example to the corresponding practice that promotes satisfying intimate bonds in romantic relationships.

Complete the passage about the importance of relationships to humans.

Which of the following statements explain why couples tend to look alike over time? (Select all that apply)

Which statements about the results of studies of proximity and attraction are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Which of these statements about communal relationships and approaches are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Which statements about the halo effect are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Is the following an example of a communal or exchange relationship: Dara helps her brother Roger with yard work due to his accident?

Which statements explaining the significance of attachment in cultures are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Is the following an example of a communal or exchange relationship: Jussi buys Meko's old PlayStation 3?

Match each type of love to its description.

Match each term about theories and expectations of social exchange to its definition.

Which statements about the stability of attachment styles are accurate? (Select all that apply)

What is a key component of longer-lasting romantic relationships?

Which statements about similarity and attraction are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Complete the passage about the role of factors relating to distance in attraction.

Which of these explanations has been offered for why mere repeated exposure leads to liking? (Select all that apply)

What theory states that early instances of attachment can shape relationships for a person's entire life?

Complete the passage about circumstances predicting dissatisfaction in romantic relationships.

Which statements about the role of gender in attractiveness are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Complete the following passage about the evolutionary reasons adults and children find certain features physically attractive.

Which statements about equity theory are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Complete the passage about Caryl Rusbult's investment model of commitment.

Based on research findings about divorce, which predictions about a hypothetical marriage are likely to be accurate? (Select all that apply)

Complete the passage about practices that can strengthen romantic relationships.

Match the attachment patterns to the infant groups.

Which statements accurately describe the significance of caregiving observations by ethnologists?

Decide whether each outcome will likely result in more or less commitment toward a relationship.

Complete the passage regarding approaches to explaining human attraction.

Which statements about marriage practices outside of modern Western culture are accurate? (Select all that apply)

Complete the passage about the standards that influence evaluations of rewards and costs in relationships.

Study Notes

Importance of Relationships

Communal vs Exchange Relationships

Attachment Styles Stability

Proximity and Attraction

Mere Exposure Effect

Gender and Attractiveness

Evolutionary Preferences in Attraction

Rusbult's Investment Model

Effects of Marriage and Conflict

Strengthening Romantic Relationships

Ainsworth's Attachment Classification

Observations in Hunter-Gatherer Groups

Commitment in Relationships

Attachment Style Dimensions

Benefits of Physical Attractiveness

Evolutionary vs Cultural Perspectives

Characteristics of Romantic Love Stages

Complementarity Hypothesis

Marriage Practices Across Cultures

Evaluating Relationship Rewards and Costs

Attachment and Relationship Satisfaction

Relationship Cognitions in Distress

Biological Need to Belong

Perspectives on Aesthetic Beauty

Communal vs. Exchange Relationships

Practices for Intimate Romantic Relationships

Couples’ Similarity Over Time

Proximity and Attraction Studies

The Halo Effect

Cultural Differences in Attachment

Love Categories in Psychology

Commitment in Relationships

Similarity and Attraction Research

Attachment Theory by John Bowlby

Predictors of Relationship Dissatisfaction

Equity Theory in Relationships

Studying That Suits You

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