Psychology Chapter on Neurotransmitters and Heritability
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the therapy that focuses on changing maladaptive schemas developed during childhood?

Schema therapy

Which disorder is characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes without compensatory behaviors?

Binge eating disorder

What is the term for repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels s/he must perform?

Compulsions

Which hormone is involved in regulating mood and is also known as 'norepinephrine'?

<p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the part of the brain that relays information from the brain stem to the cortex and is involved in emotional regulation?

<p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves the recurrent pulling out of one's own hair?

<p>Trichotillomania</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an extreme experience where the individual assumes alternative identities at different times?

<p>Identity alteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is marked by a sudden loss of functioning in a part of the body without an identifiable medical cause?

<p>Conversion disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unconscious part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification?

<p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty in discarding possessions?

<p>Hoarding disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the drive to maximize pleasure and minimize pain as quickly as possible?

<p>Pleasure principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study examines participants at one point in time but does not follow them over time?

<p>Cross-sectional design</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter contributes to movement, attention, and arousal?

<p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a study of the heritability of a disorder by finding adopted people with the disorder and examining their biological and adoptive relatives?

<p>Adoption study</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the severe reduction or complete absence of affective responses?

<p>Affective flattening</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the impaired ability to recognize objects or people?

<p>Agnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

An anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of situations where escape might be difficult is known as:

<p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the diminished capacity to consciously experience or describe emotions?

<p>Alexithymia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which progressive neurological disorder is the most common form of dementia?

<p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inability to recall previously learned information or past events is called:

<p>Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes stimulant drugs that can produce euphoria, alertness, and paranoia?

<p>Amphetamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is thought to regulate emotions and is part of the limbic system?

<p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is known for producing male characteristics?

<p>Androgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to experience pleasure from previously pleasurable activities?

<p>Anhedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eating disorder is characterized by a fear of gaining weight and body image disturbance?

<p>Anorexia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is used to treat the symptoms of depression?

<p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others and absence of respect for social norms?

<p>Antisocial personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the belief that the bodily symptoms of anxiety have harmful consequences?

<p>Anxiety sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is marked by deficits in attention, impulse control, and activity levels?

<p>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels compelled to perform?

<p>Compulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the elimination of a classically conditioned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex and helps the body respond to stressors?

<p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by severe and persistent irritability in children?

<p>Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the deliberate feigning of a symptom or disorder for external gain?

<p>Malingering</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach explains abnormal behaviors in terms of biological dysfunction?

<p>Biological approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a mood disorder marked by manic/hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes?

<p>Bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an uncontrollable, persistent thought, image, or impulse that causes significant anxiety or distress?

<p>Obsession</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for a gradual decline of intellectual functioning?

<p>Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy involves exposing patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures?

<p>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the capacity to form new connections between neurons in the brain?

<p>Neural plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves an intense fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations?

<p>Social anxiety disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a depressive disorder that occurs only during certain times of the year, usually winter?

<p>Seasonal affective disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of unstable moods, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships?

<p>Borderline personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves the belief that one has a serious medical condition despite the lack of significant somatic symptoms?

<p>Illness anxiety disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that abnormality is caused by the combination of a vulnerability and life events?

<p>Diathesis-stress model</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the false belief that one is being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated?

<p>Paranoid delusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the therapy developed by Marsha Linehan for borderline personality disorder?

<p>Dialectical behavior therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antidepressant drugs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin?

<p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the pervasive anxiety and sense of inadequacy leading to avoidance of social interactions?

<p>Avoidant personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the distorted thinking pattern seen in depression where individuals have negative views of themselves, the world, and the future?

<p>Negative cognitive triad</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the therapy that focuses on changing maladaptive schemas developed during childhood?

<p>Schema therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes without compensatory behaviors?

<p>Binge eating disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels s/he must perform?

<p>Compulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in regulating mood and is also known as 'norepinephrine'?

<p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the part of the brain that relays information from the brain stem to the cortex and is involved in emotional regulation?

<p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves the recurrent pulling out of one's own hair?

<p>Trichotillomania</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an extreme experience where the individual assumes alternative identities at different times?

<p>Identity alteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is marked by a sudden loss of functioning in a part of the body without an identifiable medical cause?

<p>Conversion disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unconscious part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification?

<p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty in discarding possessions?

<p>Hoarding disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the drive to maximize pleasure and minimize pain as quickly as possible?

<p>Pleasure principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study examines participants at one point in time but does not follow them over time?

<p>Cross-sectional design</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neurotransmitters and Disorders

  • Dopamine influences movement, attention, and arousal.
  • Adoption studies help in understanding heritability by examining adopted individuals and their biological/adoptive relatives.
  • Affective flattening refers to a severe reduction in emotional responses.
  • Agnosia is the inability to recognize objects or people.

Anxiety Disorders

  • Agoraphobia involves fear of situations where escape might be difficult; it significantly affects daily functioning.
  • Alexithymia means a reduced ability to express or describe emotions, impacting communication and relationships.

Cognitive and Intellectual Disorders

  • Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.
  • Amnesia is characterized by the inability to recall past events or learned information.

Substance and Brain Function

  • Amphetamines are stimulant drugs associated with increased alertness and euphoria, often leading to paranoia.
  • The amygdala in the brain plays a crucial role in emotional regulation as part of the limbic system.

Hormones and Male Characteristics

  • Androgens, including testosterone, contribute to the development of male characteristics.
  • Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex and aids in the body's response to stress.

Mood Disorders and Eating Disorders

  • Anhedonia is the inability to feel pleasure from previously enjoyable activities.
  • Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder marked by a fear of weight gain and a distorted body image.
  • Antidepressants are prescribed to alleviate symptoms of depression.

Personality Disorders

  • Antisocial personality disorder involves a pattern of disregard for the rights of others and societal norms.
  • Borderline personality disorder is defined by unstable moods, self-image, and relationships.

Psychological Theories and Models

  • Anxiety sensitivity is the belief that anxiety symptoms could lead to harmful consequences.
  • The diathesis-stress model conceptualizes abnormality as a result of genetic vulnerability combined with stressful life events.

Therapies and Treatment Approaches

  • Dialectical behavior therapy was developed for borderline personality disorder, aiming to improve emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness.
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are a class of antidepressants that enhance serotonin availability in the brain.

Cognitive Distortions

  • The concept of the negative cognitive triad describes how depressed individuals view themselves, the world, and the future negatively.
  • Schema therapy focuses on modifying maladaptive societal beliefs formed from childhood experiences.

Compulsions and Repetitive Behaviors

  • Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety.
  • Trichotillomania is characterized by the compulsive pulling out of one's hair.

Additional Disorders

  • Conversion disorder involves a significant loss of function in a body part without an identifiable medical cause.
  • Hoarding disorder is marked by persistent difficulty in discarding possessions, resulting in clutter that disrupts living spaces.

Research Methods

  • Cross-sectional design studies participants at one point in time without long-term follow-up, useful for observational data collection.

These notes encapsulate key concepts and definitions vital for understanding various psychological phenomena and disorders.

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Test your knowledge on neurotransmitters related to movement and attention, as well as studies on the heritability of disorders. This quiz covers key concepts in biopsychology and research methods in psychology. Perfect for students studying psychology at any level!

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