Questions and Answers
Which type of memory is also known as working memory?
What are the two types of long-term memory?
Episodic and Semantic
Semantic memory is derived from Episodic memory.
True
The model that represents relationships between bits of information is called a ____.
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What are the two types of errors in skill acquisition?
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Which theory states that emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to stimuli?
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Information moves from short-term memory to ____ through rehearsal.
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What is the process of finding a solution to unfamiliar tasks using knowledge known as?
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Proactive inhibition is when new information replaces old information.
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What is the effect of positive affect on problem-solving?
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Study Notes
Information Stored in Memory
- Memory consists of three types: sensory, short-term, and long-term.
Sensory Memory
- Known as working memory; facilitates temporary storage of stimuli.
- Iconic memory focuses on visual stimuli.
- Echoic memory is dedicated to auditory stimuli.
- Haptic memory pertains to tactile sensations.
Short-Term Memory
- Acts as a scratch pad for immediate recall.
- Access time is rapid at approximately 70 milliseconds.
- Information decays quickly, within around 200 milliseconds.
Long-Term Memory
- Serves as a comprehensive repository for extensive knowledge.
- Access and decay rates are slower compared to short-term memory.
- Capacity is vast, often considered unlimited.
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Episodic Memory: Memory of personal events in a sequential manner.
- Semantic Memory: Memory of facts, concepts, and skills, which derives from episodic memory.
Semantic Memory Structure
- Facilitates information access and reflects relationships among data.
- Supports inference by allowing conclusions based on reasoning.
Models of Semantic Memory
- Semantic Network Model: Conceptualizes inheritance from parent nodes to child nodes, depicting precise relationships and supporting inference.
- Frames: Organize information into data structures, where slots represent values.
- Scripts: Provide models of typical scenarios for context interpretation.
- Production Rules: Represents procedural knowledge through condition/action rules that dictate actions based on conditions.
Long-Term Memory Storage and Retrieval
- Rehearsal: Essential for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.
- Total Time Hypothesis: Retention is proportional to rehearsal duration.
- Distribution of Practice Effect: Enhanced by spreading learning sessions over time.
Forgetting in Long-Term Memory
- Decay: Gradual loss of information over time.
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Interference:
- Retroactive interference occurs when new information replaces old.
- Proactive inhibition can hinder the recall of new data due to old data.
Retrieval Methods
- Recall: Reproducing information aided by cues like imagery.
- Recognition: Identifying previously seen information; simpler than recall.
Processed Information Applications
- Information is processed through reasoning, problem-solving, skill acquisition, and handling errors.
Reasoning Types
- Deductive Reasoning: Derives conclusions from given premises; highlights potential conflicts between truth and logical validity.
- Inductive Reasoning: Generalizes from known cases to unknown instances; involves assumptions.
- Abductive Reasoning: Infers causes from events; may lead to inaccurate explanations.
Problem-Solving Theories
- Gestalt Theory: Sees problem-solving as a creative process encompassing insight.
- Problem Space Theory: Frames problem-solving as generating states within legal boundaries of human information processing.
Skill Acquisition
- Characterized by chunking which leads to effective information structuring.
Types of Errors
- Slips: Mistakes made despite the right intention; often due to poor execution.
- Mistakes: Result from misinterpretation; stem from incorrect intentions.
Emotion and Cognition
- Emotion encompasses both cognitive and physical reactions to stimuli, affecting responses to situations.
- Positive Affect: Enhances creative problem-solving capabilities.
- Negative Affect: Often narrows thinking and hinders performance on tasks.
Theories of Emotion
- James-Lange Theory: Suggests emotional interpretation arises from physiological responses.
- Cannon’s Theory: Proposes that physiological responses occur as a reaction to stimuli.
- Schachter-Singer Theory: Emotion involves evaluating physiological responses within the context of the entire situation.
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Description
This quiz covers the three main types of memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term. It explores their characteristics, functions, and the different types of long-term memory. Test your understanding of how information is processed and stored in the mind.
