Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the maximum duration that short-term memory can typically hold information without rehearsal?
What is the maximum duration that short-term memory can typically hold information without rehearsal?
- 5 seconds
- 2 minutes
- 30 seconds (correct)
- 1 minute
Which method helps to maintain information in short-term memory beyond its typical duration?
Which method helps to maintain information in short-term memory beyond its typical duration?
- Flashbulb memory recall
- Maintenance rehearsal (correct)
- Elaborative rehearsal
- Sensory memory techniques
Which type of long-term memory includes the general knowledge of facts and concepts?
Which type of long-term memory includes the general knowledge of facts and concepts?
- Flashbulb memory
- Semantic memory (correct)
- Procedural memory
- Episodic memory
What characteristic differentiates flashbulb memories from ordinary memories?
What characteristic differentiates flashbulb memories from ordinary memories?
How can the capacity of short-term memory be effectively increased?
How can the capacity of short-term memory be effectively increased?
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
What differentiates short-term memory from long-term memory?
What differentiates short-term memory from long-term memory?
How long can information be held in sensory memory?
How long can information be held in sensory memory?
Which of the following describes the general concept of encoding in memory?
Which of the following describes the general concept of encoding in memory?
What best describes the capacity of short-term memory?
What best describes the capacity of short-term memory?
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Study Notes
Memory
- Memory is a group of mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information.
Memory Process
- The stage model of memory describes memory as three stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory
- Sensory Memory: Stores detailed information for a short period of time (¼ second to 3 seconds)
- Short-Term Memory: Stores information longer than Sensory Memory (30 seconds)
- Long-Term Memory: Stores information potentially permanently with unlimited capacity
Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memory briefly stores sensory impressions for continuous perception of the world
- Visual Sensory Memory: "Iconic Memory" - brief memory of an image
- Auditory Sensory Memory: "Echoic Memory" - brief memory like an echo
Short-Term Memory
- Short-Term Memory is also known as working memory
- Current conscious cognitive activity takes place in Short-Term Memory
- Information can be rehearsed (repeated) to remain in this memory stage
- George Miller (1956) proposed the capacity of Short-Term Memory to be approximately seven items
Long-Term Memory
- Information in Long-Term Memory is stored for longer than 30 seconds
- The capacity of Long-Term Memory is considered limitless
- Elaborative rehearsal: focusing on the meaning of information to enhance encoding and transfer for long-term retention
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Procedural Memory: Skills, operations, and actions
- Episodic Memory: Specific Events
- Semantic Memory: General knowledge, facts, names, and concepts
Mood and Memory
- Emotional state influences memory recall, consistent with the mood
- Happy Mood evokes happy memories
- Despondent Mood evokes sad memories
Flashbulb Memory
- Vivid, specific images and details associated with a significant event are recalled as Flashbulb Memories
- Flashbulb Memories are similar to normal memories with a high degree of accuracy confidence
Source Confusion and False Memories
- Source Confusion: Memory distortion forgetting the source of a memory
- False Memories can emerge from confusing imagined, heard, read, or seen content with actual events
Forgetting
- Inability to recall information previously available
- Unpleasant memories such as failures, social embarrassments, and unhappy relationships are often forgotten
Factors Affecting Forgetting
- Encoding Failure: Information never encoded into Long-Term Memory
- Interference Theory: Memories competing with or replacing other memories
- Decay Theory: Forgetting due to brain's metabolic processes over time
Amnesia
- Sever memory loss
- Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memory, specifically episodic information, backward-acting
- Anterograde Amnesia: Loss of memory, specifically inability to store new memories, forward-acting
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