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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum duration that short-term memory can typically hold information without rehearsal?
What is the maximum duration that short-term memory can typically hold information without rehearsal?
Which method helps to maintain information in short-term memory beyond its typical duration?
Which method helps to maintain information in short-term memory beyond its typical duration?
Which type of long-term memory includes the general knowledge of facts and concepts?
Which type of long-term memory includes the general knowledge of facts and concepts?
What characteristic differentiates flashbulb memories from ordinary memories?
What characteristic differentiates flashbulb memories from ordinary memories?
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How can the capacity of short-term memory be effectively increased?
How can the capacity of short-term memory be effectively increased?
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What is the primary function of sensory memory?
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
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What differentiates short-term memory from long-term memory?
What differentiates short-term memory from long-term memory?
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How long can information be held in sensory memory?
How long can information be held in sensory memory?
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Which of the following describes the general concept of encoding in memory?
Which of the following describes the general concept of encoding in memory?
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What best describes the capacity of short-term memory?
What best describes the capacity of short-term memory?
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Study Notes
Memory
- Memory is a group of mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information.
Memory Process
- The stage model of memory describes memory as three stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory
- Sensory Memory: Stores detailed information for a short period of time (¼ second to 3 seconds)
- Short-Term Memory: Stores information longer than Sensory Memory (30 seconds)
- Long-Term Memory: Stores information potentially permanently with unlimited capacity
Sensory Memory
- Sensory Memory briefly stores sensory impressions for continuous perception of the world
- Visual Sensory Memory: "Iconic Memory" - brief memory of an image
- Auditory Sensory Memory: "Echoic Memory" - brief memory like an echo
Short-Term Memory
- Short-Term Memory is also known as working memory
- Current conscious cognitive activity takes place in Short-Term Memory
- Information can be rehearsed (repeated) to remain in this memory stage
- George Miller (1956) proposed the capacity of Short-Term Memory to be approximately seven items
Long-Term Memory
- Information in Long-Term Memory is stored for longer than 30 seconds
- The capacity of Long-Term Memory is considered limitless
- Elaborative rehearsal: focusing on the meaning of information to enhance encoding and transfer for long-term retention
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Procedural Memory: Skills, operations, and actions
- Episodic Memory: Specific Events
- Semantic Memory: General knowledge, facts, names, and concepts
Mood and Memory
- Emotional state influences memory recall, consistent with the mood
- Happy Mood evokes happy memories
- Despondent Mood evokes sad memories
Flashbulb Memory
- Vivid, specific images and details associated with a significant event are recalled as Flashbulb Memories
- Flashbulb Memories are similar to normal memories with a high degree of accuracy confidence
Source Confusion and False Memories
- Source Confusion: Memory distortion forgetting the source of a memory
- False Memories can emerge from confusing imagined, heard, read, or seen content with actual events
Forgetting
- Inability to recall information previously available
- Unpleasant memories such as failures, social embarrassments, and unhappy relationships are often forgotten
Factors Affecting Forgetting
- Encoding Failure: Information never encoded into Long-Term Memory
- Interference Theory: Memories competing with or replacing other memories
- Decay Theory: Forgetting due to brain's metabolic processes over time
Amnesia
- Sever memory loss
- Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memory, specifically episodic information, backward-acting
- Anterograde Amnesia: Loss of memory, specifically inability to store new memories, forward-acting
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Description
Explore the fascinating stages of memory in this quiz covering sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Understand how information is acquired, stored, and retrieved, alongside key concepts like iconic and echoic memory. Test your knowledge and dive deep into the mechanisms of memory!
