Questions and Answers
What is memory?
The ability to remember the things that we experienced, imagined, and learned.
What is the information processing model?
A computer-like model used to describe the way humans encode, store, and retrieve information.
What are the steps involved in the process of forming memories?
External stimulus, sensory register, attention, short-term memory, repetition, rehearsal and coding, long-term memory, and retrieval.
What are sensory registers?
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What does it mean to pay attention?
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What is short-term memory (STM)?
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What is chunking?
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What is rote rehearsal?
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What is long-term memory (LTM)?
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What is elaborative rehearsal?
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What are schemas?
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What are episodic memories?
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What are semantic memories?
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What are procedural memories?
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What is interference?
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What is decay theory?
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What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
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What is retrograde amnesia?
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What is anterograde amnesia?
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What is Alzheimer's disease?
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What is childhood amnesia?
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What are flashbulb memories?
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What are repressed memories?
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Study Notes
Memory Fundamentals
- Memory encompasses the ability to retain experiences, imaginations, and learned knowledge.
Information Processing Model
- Analogous to a computer, explaining how humans encode, store, and retrieve information.
Steps in Forming Memories
- Formation involves several stages: external stimulus, sensory register, attention, short-term memory, repetition, rehearsal and coding, long-term memory, and retrieval.
Sensory Registers
- Initial entry points for raw sensory information from the environment.
Attention
- Involves selecting certain incoming information for deeper processing.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Also known as working memory; a temporary storage space for selected sensory information.
Chunking
- A strategy that organizes information into meaningful units, enhancing short-term memory capacity.
Rote Rehearsal
- A memorization technique that involves repetitive verbal or mental repetition to retain information.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- A relatively permanent storage of knowledge encompassing all learned facts and experiences.
Uses of Rote Rehearsal
- Essential for preserving information in STM and useful for retaining conceptually meaningless material (e.g., phone numbers).
Elaborative Rehearsal
- Integrates new short-term memories with existing long-term memories, facilitating better retention.
Schemas
- Mental structures that encapsulate beliefs and expectations formed through past experiences.
Types of Long-Term Memories
- Episodic Memories: Store personal experiences and events.
- Semantic Memories: Retain general knowledge and factual information.
- Procedural Memories: Contain skills and motor tasks learned through practice.
Interference
- Occurs when previously learned material disrupts the understanding or recall of new information.
Decay Theory
- Proposes that the mere passage of time contributes to forgetting.
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
- A common experience where individuals can sense knowing a word but cannot retrieve it immediately.
Amnesias
- Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to recall events before an injury while retaining earlier memories.
- Anterograde Amnesia: Difficulty in forming new memories following an incident, while past memories remain intact.
Alzheimer's Disease
- A neurological disorder characterized by severe memory impairment.
Childhood Amnesia
- The phenomenon where adults struggle to recall experiences from their first two years of life.
Flashbulb Memories
- Highly vivid and detailed memories of significant events, preserved even over long periods.
Repressed Memories
- Traumatic memories that are unconsciously stored and can negatively impact conscious thoughts and behaviors.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of memory, including the stages in forming memories and the information processing model. It covers topics like sensory registers, attention, short-term memory, and techniques such as chunking and rote rehearsal. Test your understanding of how memories are created and retrieved!