Psychology Chapter on Memory and Problem Solving

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a component of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model of memory?

  • Short-term memory
  • Sensory memory
  • Long-term memory
  • Working memory (correct)

What is the auditory sensory memory known as?

  • Phonological loop
  • Iconic memory
  • Echoic memory (correct)
  • Episodic memory

What type of reinforcement schedule has a constant time delay between behavior and reinforcement?

  • Fixed interval (correct)
  • Continuous reinforcement
  • Fixed ratio
  • Variable interval

What is typically considered a process of mentally representing aspects of the world to generate new representations useful for goals?

<p>Thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term encompasses the cognitive processes we use to infer knowledge and draw conclusions?

<p>Reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of problem solving according to Gestalt psychologists?

<p>Restructuring of representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a situation where insight occurs?

<p>Suddenly realizing how to solve a puzzle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the way a problem is represented in the mind affect problem solving?

<p>It can influence the success of the problem solving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Gestalt approach to problem solving?

<p>Analytical breakdown of problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the heuristic of 'working backwards' involve?

<p>Starting with the end result to solve the problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does restructuring play according to the principles of Gestalt psychology?

<p>It is necessary for solving insight problems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as an effective method for solving a problem according to the Gestalt approach?

<p>Focusing on small portions initially (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to define a prototype?

<p>The best representative of a category. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the situation where there is a goal state but the path to it is unclear?

<p>Problem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a method mentioned for solving problems?

<p>Reflex Action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Tower of Hanoi, what term describes the various steps taken to reach the goal state?

<p>Operations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does means-end analysis primarily involve?

<p>Taking actions to reach the goal while assessing progress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial state in problem solving?

<p>The first stage of navigating the problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is indicated as a formalized sequence of steps for problem solving?

<p>Algorithms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'problem space' in problem-solving?

<p>All possible states and moves within a problem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atkinson-Shiffrin Modal Model Components

A model of memory with three components: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Echoic Memory

The auditory sensory memory, holding sounds for a brief time (few seconds).

Fixed Interval Schedule

Reinforcement given after a fixed amount of time, regardless of behavior.

Thinking (mental process)

Process of representing the world and changing these representations to achieve goals.

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Problem Solving

Cognitive processes used to achieve a goal by overcoming obstacles.

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Concept

An idea representing stimuli, objects, or categories.

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Prototype

The best example of a concept category.

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Problem

A situation with an obstacle between a current state and a goal state, requiring a solution path.

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Problem Initial State

Starting point of the problem.

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Problem Goal State

The desired outcome of a problem.

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Problem Operations

Actions taken to move from initial state to a goal state.

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Problem Space

All possible states and paths when solving a problem.

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Means-End Analysis

A problem-solving method focusing on reducing gaps between current and desired states.

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Working Backwards Heuristic

A problem-solving strategy that starts by considering the desired outcome and working backward to find the steps needed to achieve it.

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Gestalt Approach to Problem Solving

A problem-solving approach emphasizing how problems are represented and re-structured in the mind to find solutions.

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Problem Representation

The way a problem is mentally structured and understood by an individual.

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Restructuring (Problem Solving)

The process of changing how a problem is represented in the mind to gain new insights and solutions.

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Insight Problem

Problems where the crucial elements for the solution appear suddenly, in a 'aha!' moment.

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Subjective Feeling of Progress

A feeling a person has that they are getting closer to a solution during problem-solving.

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Device Problems

Problems requiring a restructuring of the mind to understand the given information and its possible outcomes.

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Related Documents

PSYC100: Psychology Thinking, Intelligence, Language Fall 2024 Koç University PDF

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