Psychology Chapter on Memory and Problem Solving
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a component of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model of memory?

  • Short-term memory
  • Sensory memory
  • Long-term memory
  • Working memory (correct)

    • What is the auditory sensory memory known as?

  • Phonological loop
  • Iconic memory
  • Echoic memory (correct)
  • Episodic memory

    • What type of reinforcement schedule has a constant time delay between behavior and reinforcement?

  • Fixed interval (correct)
  • Continuous reinforcement
  • Fixed ratio
  • Variable interval

    • What is typically considered a process of mentally representing aspects of the world to generate new representations useful for goals?

    <p>Thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term encompasses the cognitive processes we use to infer knowledge and draw conclusions?

    <p>Reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of problem solving according to Gestalt psychologists?

    <p>Restructuring of representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a situation where insight occurs?

    <p>Suddenly realizing how to solve a puzzle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the way a problem is represented in the mind affect problem solving?

    <p>It can influence the success of the problem solving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the Gestalt approach to problem solving?

    <p>Analytical breakdown of problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the heuristic of 'working backwards' involve?

    <p>Starting with the end result to solve the problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does restructuring play according to the principles of Gestalt psychology?

    <p>It is necessary for solving insight problems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as an effective method for solving a problem according to the Gestalt approach?

    <p>Focusing on small portions initially (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to define a prototype?

    <p>The best representative of a category. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the situation where there is a goal state but the path to it is unclear?

    <p>Problem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a method mentioned for solving problems?

    <p>Reflex Action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Tower of Hanoi, what term describes the various steps taken to reach the goal state?

    <p>Operations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does means-end analysis primarily involve?

    <p>Taking actions to reach the goal while assessing progress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial state in problem solving?

    <p>The first stage of navigating the problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is indicated as a formalized sequence of steps for problem solving?

    <p>Algorithms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'problem space' in problem-solving?

    <p>All possible states and moves within a problem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Atkinson-Shiffrin Modal Model Components

    A model of memory with three components: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

    Echoic Memory

    The auditory sensory memory, holding sounds for a brief time (few seconds).

    Fixed Interval Schedule

    Reinforcement given after a fixed amount of time, regardless of behavior.

    Thinking (mental process)

    Process of representing the world and changing these representations to achieve goals.

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    Problem Solving

    Cognitive processes used to achieve a goal by overcoming obstacles.

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    Concept

    An idea representing stimuli, objects, or categories.

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    Prototype

    The best example of a concept category.

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    Problem

    A situation with an obstacle between a current state and a goal state, requiring a solution path.

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    Problem Initial State

    Starting point of the problem.

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    Problem Goal State

    The desired outcome of a problem.

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    Problem Operations

    Actions taken to move from initial state to a goal state.

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    Problem Space

    All possible states and paths when solving a problem.

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    Means-End Analysis

    A problem-solving method focusing on reducing gaps between current and desired states.

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    Working Backwards Heuristic

    A problem-solving strategy that starts by considering the desired outcome and working backward to find the steps needed to achieve it.

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    Gestalt Approach to Problem Solving

    A problem-solving approach emphasizing how problems are represented and re-structured in the mind to find solutions.

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    Problem Representation

    The way a problem is mentally structured and understood by an individual.

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    Restructuring (Problem Solving)

    The process of changing how a problem is represented in the mind to gain new insights and solutions.

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    Insight Problem

    Problems where the crucial elements for the solution appear suddenly, in a 'aha!' moment.

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    Subjective Feeling of Progress

    A feeling a person has that they are getting closer to a solution during problem-solving.

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    Device Problems

    Problems requiring a restructuring of the mind to understand the given information and its possible outcomes.

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