Psychology Chapter on Memory and Attention

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Questions and Answers

What is the short-term capacity of working memory as described?

4 items plus or minus one (correct)

Unlimited items

5 items

3 items

Which method assists in improving memory recall by organizing related items?

Visuospatial sketchpad

Phonological loop

Clustering (correct)

Conceptual hierarchy

What is a key characteristic of long-term memory?

Temporary retention

Limited storage capacity

Requires constant rehearsal

Unlimited storage capacity (correct)

Which component of working memory allows for the mental manipulation of visual and spatial information?

Visuospatial sketchpad Signup and view all the answers

What process involves repeating information multiple times to enhance memory retention?

Rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of focusing awareness on specific information while ignoring irrelevant details called?

Attention selection Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the cocktail party phenomenon, what does blocking out surrounding noise represent?

Attention maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What are the two models of attention selection mentioned in the content?

Early selection and late selection Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the initial recording of information into memory?

Memory encoding Signup and view all the answers

What does late selection suggest about the processing of stimuli?

Both attended and unattended stimuli are processed Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where misleading information distorts a person's memory of reality?

Misinformation Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that encoding information should match the processes used to retrieve it?

Transfer Appropriate Processing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an effect that leads to errors in recalling the origin of memories?

Source Monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive phenomenon can occur when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information?

Retroactive Interference Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pseudo forgetting' refer to in the context of memory?

Inability to encode information effectively Signup and view all the answers

The idea that individuals can block out or repress certain memories is known as what?

Motivated Forgetting Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes how related words can trigger memories through interconnected pathways?

Spreading Activation Signup and view all the answers

Hermann Ebbinghaus is primarily known for his research in which area of memory?

Forgetting and Retention Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'dual coding theory' primarily emphasize?

Using semantic or visual codes for better memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes helps in deeper understanding of information?

Self-referent coding to add personal meaning Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the statement 'sensory-stored for the shortest period of time'?

Sensory information is transitory and quickly fades Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of sematic-verbal input?

It does not resemble the actual words in sound Signup and view all the answers

What role does elaboration play in memory encoding?

It encourages linking new stimuli to existing knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Which technique best facilitates the recall of information that happened recently?

Effective elaboration techniques Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies structural processing of words?

Recognizing the spelling or the physical appearance of words Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory does short-term recall primarily depend on?

Recognizing stimuli after a brief timeframe Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of remembering.
Encoding is the process of storing memory.
Storage is holding information.
Attention is focusing awareness.
Early selection filters out irrelevant information.
Late selection model of attention focuses on a conversation while blocking out surrounding noise.
Cocktail party phenomenon - focus on a conversation even when you aren't part of it.

Memory Encoding

Structurally - words heard wrong but start with the same letter.
Phonemically - sounds of words.
Semantically - verbal input; doesn't sound like the words; long-lasting memory codes.
Deeper level processing using structural, phonemic, or semantic codes.
Process of elaboration - connecting stimuli to other information increases encoding effectiveness.
Easy to remember words you can visualize.
Dual coding theory- forming semantically or visually meaningful codes.

Memory Storage

Self-referent coding - forming personally meaningful codes.
Sensory storage holds stimuli for a short time.

Short-Term Memory

Short-term memory recalls things from 20 seconds ago; working memory.
George Miller - magical number 7 +/- 2 items.
Cowan studied short-term capacity; plus or minus one.

Chunking

Chunking is grouping items for better recall.
Example - "HI TRE DBAT" to "hit red bat."

Phonological Loop

Repeating information to remember it; going over things multiple times.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Mentally picturing or visualizing information.
Executive control juggles information.

Working Memory

Short-term memory and retrieval comprehension and complex skills.

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory has unlimited storage capacity.

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid, detailed memories that fade over time.

Clustering

Grouping related items together to recall.

LTM categories

Categorizing information into groups.

Conceptual Hierarchy

Multilevel classification; knowledge organization.

Schema

General knowledge; organizes information.

Organizational Schema

Concepts joined through pathways.

Spreading Activation

Related concepts trigger one another.

Free Recall

State-dependent memory effects; recalling information reliant on the state you were in when you encoded it.

Misinformation Effect

Misleading information distorts memory.
Source monitoring - attributing memories to the wrong source.

Reality Monitoring

Distinguishing between actually experienced and imagined events.

Source Monitoring Error

Mistaking the origin of a memory; remembering things from different sources.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Studies of forgetting; meaningless materials studied, showing retrieval interval effects on forgetting.

Retention Interval

Presentation of stimuli; measuring forgetting.

Pseudo Forgetting

Ineffective encoding; distraction.

Impermanent Storage

Forgetting.

Retroactive Interference

Previously learned information interferes with new information.

Motivated Forgetting

Intentionally blocking information.

Transfer Appropriate Processing

Matching encoding processes to retrieval processes.
Original encoding is the most effective.

Proactive Interference

Previously learned information interferes with recalling new information.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of memory retrieval, encoding, and storage in this informative quiz. Understand how attention impacts memory processes and learn about different encoding techniques for better retention. Test your knowledge on fascinating phenomena like the cocktail party effect and dual coding theory.