Psychology Chapter on Memory and Attention
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Questions and Answers

What is the short-term capacity of working memory as described?

  • 4 items plus or minus one (correct)
  • Unlimited items
  • 5 items
  • 3 items

Which method assists in improving memory recall by organizing related items?

  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Phonological loop
  • Clustering (correct)
  • Conceptual hierarchy

What is a key characteristic of long-term memory?

  • Temporary retention
  • Limited storage capacity
  • Requires constant rehearsal
  • Unlimited storage capacity (correct)

Which component of working memory allows for the mental manipulation of visual and spatial information?

<p>Visuospatial sketchpad (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves repeating information multiple times to enhance memory retention?

<p>Rehearsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of focusing awareness on specific information while ignoring irrelevant details called?

<p>Attention selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the cocktail party phenomenon, what does blocking out surrounding noise represent?

<p>Attention maintenance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two models of attention selection mentioned in the content?

<p>Early selection and late selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the initial recording of information into memory?

<p>Memory encoding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does late selection suggest about the processing of stimuli?

<p>Both attended and unattended stimuli are processed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where misleading information distorts a person's memory of reality?

<p>Misinformation Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that encoding information should match the processes used to retrieve it?

<p>Transfer Appropriate Processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an effect that leads to errors in recalling the origin of memories?

<p>Source Monitoring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive phenomenon can occur when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information?

<p>Retroactive Interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pseudo forgetting' refer to in the context of memory?

<p>Inability to encode information effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea that individuals can block out or repress certain memories is known as what?

<p>Motivated Forgetting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes how related words can trigger memories through interconnected pathways?

<p>Spreading Activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hermann Ebbinghaus is primarily known for his research in which area of memory?

<p>Forgetting and Retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'dual coding theory' primarily emphasize?

<p>Using semantic or visual codes for better memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes helps in deeper understanding of information?

<p>Self-referent coding to add personal meaning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the statement 'sensory-stored for the shortest period of time'?

<p>Sensory information is transitory and quickly fades (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of sematic-verbal input?

<p>It does not resemble the actual words in sound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does elaboration play in memory encoding?

<p>It encourages linking new stimuli to existing knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique best facilitates the recall of information that happened recently?

<p>Effective elaboration techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies structural processing of words?

<p>Recognizing the spelling or the physical appearance of words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory does short-term recall primarily depend on?

<p>Recognizing stimuli after a brief timeframe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Encoding

The process of converting information into a format that can be stored in memory.

Storage

The process of holding information in memory over time.

Retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing back stored information to conscious awareness.

Attention

The process of focusing awareness on a specific stimuli or task.

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Cocktail Party Phenomenon

The ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy environment, like at a party, while blocking out other sounds.

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Working Memory

A temporary storage system that holds information we're actively using, like a mental workspace.

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Short-Term Memory Capacity

The limited amount of information we can hold in our minds at any given time, typically around 4 items.

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Chunking

A strategy for improving short-term memory capacity by grouping related items into meaningful units.

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Phonological Loop

Part of working memory that processes and holds auditory information, like repeating words in your head.

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Visuospatial Sketchpad

Part of working memory responsible for manipulating and storing visual and spatial information.

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Structural Level

The level of processing where you focus on the physical structure of words, like their spelling or arrangement.

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Phonemic Level

This level of processing involves focusing on how words sound, recognizing their individual sounds.

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Semantic-Verbal Level

This level utilizes the meaning of words, connecting them to your existing knowledge and understanding.

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Elaboration

The process of linking a stimulus to other information in your memory, making it easier to recall.

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Dual Coding Theory

This theory suggests that we can remember better by forming both semantic (meaning-based) and visual codes for information.

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Self-Referent Coding

This strategy involves connecting information personally to your own experiences and making it meaningful to you.

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Sensory Memory

This short-term memory stores sensory information for a brief period, allowing us to recognize something that happened just a few seconds ago.

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Stimulus Term Recall

The ability to remember something that happened recently, typically within 20 seconds.

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Schema

A mental framework that organizes knowledge about a specific topic. It helps us make sense of information and predict what will happen.

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Spreading Activation

The process where retrieving one memory activates related concepts and information, spreading like ripples in a pond.

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Free Recall

A memory test where individuals are asked to recall as many items as possible from a list, in any order.

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Misinformation Effect

The phenomenon where incorporating false information after an event alters our memory of the event itself.

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Source Monitoring

The process of determining the origins of our memories. We try to figure out where and when we learned something.

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Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve

A graphical representation showing the exponential decline of memory over time, particularly for meaningless materials.

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Retroactive Interference

Newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

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Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Encoding information in a way that matches the retrieval process leads to better memory.

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Study Notes

Retrieval

  • Retrieval is the process of remembering.
  • Encoding is the process of storing memory.
  • Storage is holding information.
  • Attention is focusing awareness.
  • Early selection filters out irrelevant information.
  • Late selection model of attention focuses on a conversation while blocking out surrounding noise.
  • Cocktail party phenomenon - focus on a conversation even when you aren't part of it.

Memory Encoding

  • Structurally - words heard wrong but start with the same letter.
  • Phonemically - sounds of words.
  • Semantically - verbal input; doesn't sound like the words; long-lasting memory codes.
  • Deeper level processing using structural, phonemic, or semantic codes.
  • Process of elaboration - connecting stimuli to other information increases encoding effectiveness.
  • Easy to remember words you can visualize.
  • Dual coding theory- forming semantically or visually meaningful codes.

Memory Storage

  • Self-referent coding - forming personally meaningful codes.
  • Sensory storage holds stimuli for a short time.

Short-Term Memory

  • Short-term memory recalls things from 20 seconds ago; working memory.
  • George Miller - magical number 7 +/- 2 items.
  • Cowan studied short-term capacity; plus or minus one.

Chunking

  • Chunking is grouping items for better recall.
  • Example - "HI TRE DBAT" to "hit red bat."

Phonological Loop

  • Repeating information to remember it; going over things multiple times.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

  • Mentally picturing or visualizing information.
  • Executive control juggles information.

Working Memory

  • Short-term memory and retrieval comprehension and complex skills.

Long-Term Memory

  • Long-term memory has unlimited storage capacity.

Flashbulb Memories

  • Vivid, detailed memories that fade over time.

Clustering

  • Grouping related items together to recall.

LTM categories

  • Categorizing information into groups.

Conceptual Hierarchy

  • Multilevel classification; knowledge organization.

Schema

  • General knowledge; organizes information.

Organizational Schema

  • Concepts joined through pathways.

Spreading Activation

  • Related concepts trigger one another.

Free Recall

  • State-dependent memory effects; recalling information reliant on the state you were in when you encoded it.

Misinformation Effect

  • Misleading information distorts memory.
  • Source monitoring - attributing memories to the wrong source.

Reality Monitoring

  • Distinguishing between actually experienced and imagined events.

Source Monitoring Error

  • Mistaking the origin of a memory; remembering things from different sources.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

  • Studies of forgetting; meaningless materials studied, showing retrieval interval effects on forgetting.

Retention Interval

  • Presentation of stimuli; measuring forgetting.

Pseudo Forgetting

  • Ineffective encoding; distraction.

Impermanent Storage

  • Forgetting.

Retroactive Interference

  • Previously learned information interferes with new information.

Motivated Forgetting

  • Intentionally blocking information.

Transfer Appropriate Processing

  • Matching encoding processes to retrieval processes.
  • Original encoding is the most effective.

Proactive Interference

  • Previously learned information interferes with recalling new information.

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Related Documents

Chapter 7 Human Memory PDF

Description

Explore the key concepts of memory retrieval, encoding, and storage in this informative quiz. Understand how attention impacts memory processes and learn about different encoding techniques for better retention. Test your knowledge on fascinating phenomena like the cocktail party effect and dual coding theory.

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