Psychology Chapter on Intelligence

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of someone with high emotional intelligence?

  • They are unable to empathize with others' emotional states.
  • They struggle to understand and manage their own feelings.
  • They are able to effectively regulate their own emotions. (correct)
  • They are easily overwhelmed by their emotions.

How does emotional intelligence potentially impact academic performance?

  • It can lead to lower academic performance due to emotional distractions.
  • It can contribute to higher academic performance and university retention. (correct)
  • It primarily influences social skills, not academic achievements.
  • It has no demonstrable effect on academic success.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of someone with high social intelligence?

  • They readily make new connections and build relationships.
  • They are able to influence others through their emotional states.
  • They struggle to form and maintain friendships. (correct)
  • They possess the ability to charm their way out of difficult situations.

According to the content, which of these statements is TRUE about Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence?

<p>Emotional Intelligence is a newer concept than Social Intelligence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following situations is an example of someone demonstrating high Emotional Intelligence?

<p>A person confidently delivers a presentation even though they are nervous. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem identified with early versions of the WAIS?

<p>They were culturally biased towards the middle class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the "Flynn effect"?

<p>The increase in average IQ scores over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a potential explanation for the Flynn effect?

<p>Increased access to education has contributed to higher scores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example "You think you know the ghetto?" illustrate?

<p>The importance of cultural awareness in testing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype vulnerability or threat?

<p>The tendency of individuals within a group to perform poorly due to negative stereotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the example of Asian women's performance on math tests relate to stereotype vulnerability?

<p>It demonstrates that stereotypes can be used to improve performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "item bias" refer to in the context of intelligence tests?

<p>Questions that are unfairly advantageous for some groups over others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in creating completely unbiased intelligence tests?

<p>The influence of cultural and historical factors on test design. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument against separating intelligence and personality according to the provided text?

<p>Personality traits can significantly influence intellectual performance, making a clear separation artificial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Wechsler's view, how is intelligence related to personality?

<p>Intelligence is simply a manifestation of certain personality traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of fluid intelligence?

<p>The ability to solve problems using creative and innovative thinking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of using IQ tests to predict real-world performance?

<p>Correlation does not imply causation, so a high IQ score may not necessarily lead to success. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of positive traits that can enhance intellectual performance? (Select all that apply)

<p>High achievement motivation (A), Self-efficacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of crystallized intelligence?

<p>Recalling the steps to solve a mathematical equation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these claims was NOT included in the controversial conclusions of "The Bell Curve"?

<p>IQ is a fixed trait and cannot be influenced by environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do intelligence tests typically compare individual scores?

<p>By comparing the individual's score to a large sample of scores, and looking at how it deviates from the average. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the correlation of +0.86 between IQ scores of identical twins suggest?

<p>Genetic factors play a significant role in intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of playing video games, according to the text?

<p>Increased ability to solve problems using both crystallized and fluid intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text explain the similar IQ scores of identical twins raised apart?

<p>Identical twins are genetically predisposed to have similar IQs, regardless of their environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential implication of the correlation between IQ scores and years of schooling?

<p>Individuals with higher IQs are more likely to pursue higher education. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from the text regarding the influence of emotions and motivation on intelligence?

<p>Emotional and motivational factors can significantly impact intelligence, particularly in situations requiring sustained attention and cognitive effort. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of practical intelligence?

<p>Following instructions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant factor in intelligence assessment?

<p>Cultural background and societal expectations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions that "IQ is heritable". What does this statement imply?

<p>Genetic factors contribute to individual differences in intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how IQ scores can be related to real-world outcomes beyond academic achievement?

<p>Individuals with higher IQ scores tend to have greater life expectancy and better health outcomes in later life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key to achieving successful intelligence, according to the provided text?

<p>A balanced interaction between adapting to, shaping and selecting problems in one's environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of Ceci's Bioecological Theory of Intelligence?

<p>Intelligence is a result of the complex interaction between innate abilities, environment, and internal motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Ceci's Bioecological Theory, what are 'resource pools'?

<p>Biological factors that contribute to innate abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how environmental context influences intelligence, as described in the text?

<p>A child being discouraged from pursuing a field of interest due to societal expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Thurstone's ideas about intelligence differ from Gardner's?

<p>Thurstone believed in a general intelligence factor, while Gardner proposed multiple independent intelligences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'tacit knowledge' as it relates to practical intelligence?

<p>Knowledge based on personal experience and interactions with others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an example of 'experiential intelligence' as described in the content?

<p>A person adapting to living in a new city by learning the local transportation system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is savant syndrome?

<p>A condition characterized by exceptional abilities in specific areas, often accompanied by developmental disorders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions that 'most people today believe intelligence includes the g factor'. What does the 'g factor' refer to?

<p>An overriding intellectual ability that influences performance across different cognitive domains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the modular model of intelligence suggest?

<p>Different areas of the brain are responsible for different types of intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences sets it apart from Thurstone's ideas?

<p>Gardner's theory suggests that each intelligence is independent and distinct, while Thurstone viewed each mental factor as contributing to overall intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

<p>Multiple intelligences are the result of a general underlying intelligence. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of contention between Thurstone and Gardner regarding their theories of intelligence?

<p>Thurstone believes in a single general intelligence factor, while Gardner proposes multiple independent intelligences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences relate to Thurstone's ideas?

<p>Gardner's theory builds upon Thurstone's work, incorporating the concept of specific abilities but emphasizing their independent nature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

<p>Research has shown that individuals with damage to specific areas of the brain may experience a decline in specific abilities but not in others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Practical Intelligence

Ability to adapt and select environments to achieve personal goals.

Tacit Knowledge

Unwritten, action-oriented knowledge acquired through experience.

Interactive Intelligence

Successful intelligence relies on adapting, shaping, and selecting problems.

Ceci’s Bioecological Theory

Intelligence is shaped by innate abilities, environments, and motivation.

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Resource Pools

Biological factors that support innate abilities and information processing.

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g Factor

General intelligence that underlies various abilities.

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Psychometric Approach

Defining intelligence through psychological tests.

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Experiential Intelligence

Ability to adapt to and improve environments or select new ones.

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Distinct abilities

Abilities are not results of general intelligence but are unique.

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Howard Gardner

Theorist behind the Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

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Multiple Intelligences

Theory stating there are several independent intelligences.

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Savant syndrome

Condition where people score low on tests but excel in specific skills.

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Modular model

Gardner's idea that different intelligences arise from different brain areas.

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Cultural component of intelligence

Intelligences reflect the ability to solve culturally valuable problems.

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Thurstone vs Gardner

Thurstone viewed functions as collective intelligence, Gardner sees them as independent.

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Sub-cultural difference

Variations in intelligence test performances across different social subcultures.

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Middle Class Bias

Early versions of the WAIS reflected middle-class experiences, disadvantaging others.

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Cultural bias in intelligence tests

Assumption that all test participants have similar experiences and knowledge.

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Stereotype vulnerability

Performance anxiety due to fear of conforming to negative stereotypes.

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Flynn effect

Observation that IQ scores have increased over time.

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Teaching tool against bias

Illustrates cultural bias in testing, questioning fairness in tests.

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Item bias

Variables in tests that introduce racial, gender, or cultural biases.

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Reconstructed WAIS

Modified version of the WAIS that seeks to reduce cultural bias.

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Reliability of IQ Tests

IQ tests like Stanford-Binet and WAIS consistently yield similar results over repeated measures.

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IQ and Academic Performance

IQ scores correlate with academic achievement; higher scores relate to more years of schooling.

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IQ Beyond School

IQ is linked to life outcomes such as health, income, and social success beyond academic contexts.

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Cultural Bias in Intelligence Testing

Different cultures define and interpret intelligence in varied ways, affecting test outcomes.

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Fluid Intelligence

Problem-solving abilities independent of acquired knowledge; emphasizes creativity and adaptability.

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Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge and skills acquired over time, used to solve problems based on pre-existing information.

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Interaction of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Both types of intelligence work together; skills can improve through practice in various scenarios.

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Impact of Video Games on IQ

Simple video games may help improve fluid and crystallized intelligence among players.

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Emotional Intelligence

Ability to perceive, express, assimilate, and regulate emotions in self and others.

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Self-awareness in Emotional Intelligence

Being sensitive to one's own feelings and their changes in different situations.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and influence others' emotions, comforting them effectively.

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Social Intelligence

Ability to charm and make friends easily while managing human relationships wisely.

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Thorndike's definition of Social Intelligence

Ability to understand and manage people, acting wisely in human relationships.

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Intelligence and Personality Connection

Intelligence tests have tried to separate intellectual functioning from personality, but traits may influence intelligence.

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Wechsler's Perspective

Wechsler believed that intelligence reflects personality, including emotional and motivational traits.

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Reciprocal Relationship

Modern views state that intelligence, emotions, and motivation influence each other reciprocally.

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Impact of Negative Emotions

Negative emotions can impair intellectual performance, especially in focus and recall tasks.

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Positive Traits in Intelligence

Traits like self-efficacy and high achievement motivation enhance intellectual performance.

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The Bell Curve Controversy

Critics argue that the conclusions about IQ and success are based more on beliefs than data.

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Genetic Influences on Intelligence

Genetic factors play a role in intelligence, as evidenced by twin studies showing similar IQs.

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IQ and Heritability

IQ is heritable, but differences across races and ethnicities may not solely be genetic.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Describe what intelligence is and how it is measured.
  • Explain the different theories of intelligence.
  • Describe the key components of intelligence.
  • Discuss intelligence testing.
  • Evaluate how cultural bias can affect intelligence testing.
  • Explore the influences of genes and the environment on intelligence.
  • Define emotional, social, and other types of intelligence.

What Do We Mean By Intelligence?

  • Intelligence is the ability to learn, meet environmental demands, and understand one's mental activities (metacognition).
  • Metacognition is the ability to think about one's thinking.
  • This definition encompasses various ideas of intelligence.

Is Intelligence General or Specific?

  • Spearman and the g Factor:
    • Factor analysis identifies clusters (sets) of items that correlate highly.
    • A general factor (g factor) underlies all mental abilities.
    • People who excel in one area tend to excel in others.
    • A g factor is not just book smarts, but the ability to understand surroundings—including other species.
  • Thurstone and Primary Mental Abilities:
    • Seven distinct mental abilities make up intelligence. (These abilities are not necessarily related).
    • This approach counters the idea of a single general intelligence "g".

Current Multifactor Theories of Intelligence

  • Howard Gardner:

    • Theory of multiple intelligences: multiple independent intelligences originating from different brain areas.
    • Supports this with examples of savant syndrome (high talent in specific areas but average in others) showing damage to specific brain regions does not necessarily collapse all cognitive functioning.

  • Robert Sternberg:

    • Triarchic theory of intelligence:
      • Three interacting components (analytic, creative, and practical).
    • Emphasizes adapting to, shaping, and selecting environments for success.

  • Ceci: Bioecological theory:

    • Emphasizes the interplay of innate abilities, environment, and motivation.

How Do We Measure Intelligence?

  • Tests must be reliable and valid.
  • Reliability: Consistency of scores over time.
    • Test-retest, split-half
  • Validity: Accuracy in measuring what is intended.
    • Content, predictive, concurrent
  • Standardization: Uniform procedures for administering and scoring tests.
  • The sample group of people tested should be representative.
  • Intelligence tests are useful but not without cultural biases.

History of Intelligence Testing

  • Binet and Simon Test: Developed to identify children needing special education.
  • Stanford-Binet Test: Adapted Binet's test, emphasizing age-based scores.
  • Wechsler tests (WAIS, WISC): Standardized for adults and children. Focus on more components than just a single score.

Cultural Bias and Stereotype Threat

  • Cultural biases in tests can lead to inaccurate results, as people from different cultures might have different experiences
  • Stereotype threat, where anxiety about conforming to a negative stereotype hinders performance.

Is Human Intelligence Increasing?

  • Flynn effect: observation that average IQ scores have risen over time.

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

  • Family environments, parenting, early childhood experiences, and cultural values influence intelligence.
  • Genetics and heredity play a significant role.

Types of Intelligence (Beyond IQ)

  • Emotional Intelligence: Perceive, express, manage, and regulate emotions in oneself and others.
  • Social Intelligence: Understand and relate to others effectively.
  • Wisdom: Experienced knowledge, insight, and practical application (of one's knowledge to daily decisions).
  • Creativity: Produce novel and valuable ideas that can be original and have value (in different contexts).

Intelligence Test Design

  • Describe various components of intelligence tests such as comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning, and processing speed.

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