Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which gender is more likely to experience major depressive episodes?
Which gender is more likely to experience major depressive episodes?
Depression is less common in young women than in older women.
Depression is less common in young women than in older women.
False
What is the relationship between social class and depressive symptoms?
What is the relationship between social class and depressive symptoms?
There is an inverse relationship; lower social class is associated with higher depressive symptoms.
People who are ____ or divorced are more likely to experience depression than those who are married.
People who are ____ or divorced are more likely to experience depression than those who are married.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the types of depressive disorders with their descriptions:
Match the types of depressive disorders with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
At what age range is depression most prevalent among women?
At what age range is depression most prevalent among women?
Signup and view all the answers
Affective disorders are more common during the late summer months.
Affective disorders are more common during the late summer months.
Signup and view all the answers
The DSM-5 classifies depressive disorders into ____ main categories.
The DSM-5 classifies depressive disorders into ____ main categories.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common primary symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?
What is the most common primary symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Symptoms of PMDD typically intensify after the onset of menstruation.
Symptoms of PMDD typically intensify after the onset of menstruation.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one of the criteria that must be met for a diagnosis of PMDD.
Name one of the criteria that must be met for a diagnosis of PMDD.
Signup and view all the answers
A subjective sense of being ___________ or out of control is one of the symptoms of PMDD.
A subjective sense of being ___________ or out of control is one of the symptoms of PMDD.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the PMDD symptoms with their descriptions:
Match the PMDD symptoms with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom listed for PMDD?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom listed for PMDD?
Signup and view all the answers
Criterion B states that PMDD symptoms must significantly interfere with functioning.
Criterion B states that PMDD symptoms must significantly interfere with functioning.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a symptom of a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
What is a symptom of a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
A significant lack of energy or __________ is a symptom associated with PMDD.
A significant lack of energy or __________ is a symptom associated with PMDD.
Signup and view all the answers
A manic episode can last for less than one week if hospitalization is required.
A manic episode can last for less than one week if hospitalization is required.
Signup and view all the answers
Name two support services available for individuals with depressive disorders.
Name two support services available for individuals with depressive disorders.
Signup and view all the answers
A Manic Episode is characterized by an abnormally and persistently __________ mood.
A Manic Episode is characterized by an abnormally and persistently __________ mood.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the symptoms to their respective categories.
Match the symptoms to their respective categories.
Signup and view all the answers
How many additional symptoms are required to diagnose a manic episode?
How many additional symptoms are required to diagnose a manic episode?
Signup and view all the answers
Increased involvement in goal-directed activities is not a symptom of a manic episode.
Increased involvement in goal-directed activities is not a symptom of a manic episode.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimum duration required for a manic episode, assuming hospitalization is not needed?
What is the minimum duration required for a manic episode, assuming hospitalization is not needed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a requirement for the diagnosis of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?
What is a requirement for the diagnosis of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Chloe's symptoms of mood swings and irritability are not influenced by her menstrual cycle.
Chloe's symptoms of mood swings and irritability are not influenced by her menstrual cycle.
Signup and view all the answers
What disorder is Chloe diagnosed with based on her symptoms?
What disorder is Chloe diagnosed with based on her symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
Symptoms of depressive disorder due to another medical condition are contingent on the ______ that the individual has.
Symptoms of depressive disorder due to another medical condition are contingent on the ______ that the individual has.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT characteristic of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?
Which symptom is NOT characteristic of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?
Signup and view all the answers
The symptoms of seasonal affective disorder typically go away during winter.
The symptoms of seasonal affective disorder typically go away during winter.
Signup and view all the answers
What impact do Chloe's symptoms have on her daily life?
What impact do Chloe's symptoms have on her daily life?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes Bipolar I disorder?
Which of the following best describes Bipolar I disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
Bipolar II disorder requires experiencing a full manic episode.
Bipolar II disorder requires experiencing a full manic episode.
Signup and view all the answers
What neurotransmitters are suggested to be involved in the biochemical influences of bipolar disorders?
What neurotransmitters are suggested to be involved in the biochemical influences of bipolar disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
Bipolar II disorder has at least one hypomanic episode but has not experienced a full episode of _____ or mixed symptomatology.
Bipolar II disorder has at least one hypomanic episode but has not experienced a full episode of _____ or mixed symptomatology.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of bipolar disorder with its definition:
Match the type of bipolar disorder with its definition:
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common symptom of a manic episode in bipolar disorders?
What is a common symptom of a manic episode in bipolar disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with bipolar disorders experience symptoms in a completely predictable manner.
Individuals with bipolar disorders experience symptoms in a completely predictable manner.
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of individuals with bipolar disorder are known to commit suicide?
What percentage of individuals with bipolar disorder are known to commit suicide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary diagnosis for Emily based on her symptoms?
What is the primary diagnosis for Emily based on her symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
Cyclothymia symptoms are more severe than those of bipolar disorder.
Cyclothymia symptoms are more severe than those of bipolar disorder.
Signup and view all the answers
What risk is associated with extreme hyperactivity in individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder?
What risk is associated with extreme hyperactivity in individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
The treatment for mania includes ________ carbonate.
The treatment for mania includes ________ carbonate.
Signup and view all the answers
Which side effect is associated with psychopharmacological treatment for depression?
Which side effect is associated with psychopharmacological treatment for depression?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following risk factors with their related diagnoses:
Match the following risk factors with their related diagnoses:
Signup and view all the answers
Electroconvulsive therapy is a recommended treatment for mood disorders.
Electroconvulsive therapy is a recommended treatment for mood disorders.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one psychological treatment modality for individuals with mood disorders.
Name one psychological treatment modality for individuals with mood disorders.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Clinical Psychiatry - Mood Disorders
- Mood disorders are a category of illnesses describing significant mood changes.
- They are common, with high morbidity and mortality rates.
- Mood changes are often accompanied by changes in activity levels.
- Most mood disorders are recurrent, with episodes often linked to stressful events.
Mood Episodes
- A mood episode is a period of abnormally happy or sad feelings.
- Types of mood episodes include major depressive episodes, manic episodes, and hypomanic episodes.
1-Major Depressive Episode (DSM-V Criteria)
- Episode must include depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure for at least two weeks.
- This mood change should be different from usual mood, and significantly impact social, occupational, or other functioning.
- Five or more of the following symptoms must be present:
- Depressed mood most of the day
- Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities
- Significant weight loss or gain
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Psychomotor agitation or retardation
- Fatigue or loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
- Diminished ability to think or concentrate
- Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide attempts
- The episode is not due to substance use or medical conditions.
Epidemiology of 1-Major Depressive Episode
- Higher prevalence in women than men (approximately 2:1 ratio).
- Most common in young women (ages 20-40).
- The opposite trend is seen in older adults.
- Single and divorced individuals are more likely to experience depression than married individuals.
- There is an inverse relationship between social class and depressive symptoms; the opposite is true for bipolar disorder.
- Mood disorders are more prevalent in the late fall or early winter.
Types of Depressive Disorders (DSM-5)
- Major depressive disorder
- Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)/Dysthymic disorder
- Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
- Seasonal affective disorder
- Postpartum depression
Major Depressive Disorder
- Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities.
- Social and occupational functioning impaired for at least two weeks.
- Criteria for major depression episode: five or more of the following for at least two weeks:
- Depressed mood
- Anhedonia
- Guilt
- Sleep Disturbance
- Appetite
- Energy
- Concentration
- Psychomotor
- Suicidality
Other Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
- Dysfunctional grieving
- Low self-esteem
- Powerlessness
- Social isolation
- Disturbed thought processes
- Self-care deficits
Case Study Example
- Michael, a 55-year-old accountant, presented with symptoms like hopelessness, and unmotivated feelings for six months. These feelings prompted a significant decrease in his overall well-being and difficulty managing daily tasks.
- He attributes the onset of his low mood to life stressors, including the death of a friend and financial problems.
- Diagnosis: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- Chronic, low-level depression (less severe than major depressive disorder)
- Sad or "down in the dumps" mood most of the day, for at least two years (one year in children).
- At least two of the following symptoms must be present during periods of depressed mood:
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Poor appetite or overeating
- Low energy or fatigue
- Low self-esteem
- Poor concentration
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Trouble at work or school
Major Depressive Disorder vs Persistent Depressive Disorder
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) shows more extreme fluctuations in mood than Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD).
- PDD is longer-lasting than MDD, with periods lacking the extreme symptoms found in MDD.
- Symptoms in PDD are not as severe as those experienced in MDD
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- Chronic, severe, and with persistent irritability displayed through temper tantrums or outbursts.
- Symptoms must present before the age of 10, and a diagnosis should not be made before the age of 6 or after 18 (years).
- Tantrums or outbursts occur frequently (3 or more times per week).
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
- A health issue similar to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) but more severe.
- Characterized by depressed mood, anxiety, mood swings, and decreased interest in activities.
- Symptoms begin during the week prior to menses and typically subside after menstruation starts.
Depressive Disorder due to Another Medical Condition
- Depression symptoms stemming from another medical condition.
- Similar symptoms to other depressive disorders (e.g., bipolar or major depressive disorder).
- Crucial step in diagnosis: determining if the individual has a non-neuropsychiatric medical condition.
Seasonal/Postpartum Depression
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Major depressive disorder triggered by seasonal changes, often appearing in fall and winter and resolving in spring and summer.
- Postpartum Depression: Depression that can occur after childbirth, lasting from a few weeks to several months. Associated with hormonal changes and often requiring antidepressant and psychosocial therapy.
Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder
- Mood disorder caused by substance use, abuse, withdrawal, or prescription medications.
- Symptoms include changes in mood, emotions, or behavior.
- Substances can include alcohol, drugs, prescription meds, or toxins that affect brain neurotransmitters.
- Each case varies with specific symptoms.
Biological Theories of Depressive Disorders
- Genetics: Hereditary factors play a role in depressive disorders, particularly evident in twin studies.
- Biochemical Influences: Deficiency in norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine is implicated in mood disorders.
Psychological Factors of Depressive Disorders
- Major Life Events: Significant life changes or events can increase risk of developing depressive disorders
- Distorted Thinking: Negative thoughts and patterns of thought can contribute to development and maintenance of depressive disorders
- Loss of Hopefulness: Pessimistic outlook and view can contribute to depressive disorders
Management of Mood Disorders
- Medication: Various medications can be used to manage mood disorders, including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or anti-anxiety medications
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): A treatment option for severe cases that involves inducing a seizure to alter brain activity. Often employed for major depressive disorder or acute manic episodes. Used only in severe cases where other treatments are unsuitable.
- Psychotherapy: Psychological therapy to teach coping mechanisms, distress tolerance strategies, and address the root cause of mood disturbances. Techniques include individual therapy, family therapy, group therapy, cognitive therapy, and psychoeducation.
- Stress Management: Strategies that assist in reducing stress response.
- Increasing Self-Esteem: Techniques to build positive self-beliefs and address self-image.
- Psychosocial Treatments: Support services like crisis hotlines, support groups, legal and financial assistance.
Bipolar Disorders
- Etiological Implications: Strong hereditary influence and possible excess of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
- Physiological Influences: Potential alterations in electrolyte transfer, brain lesions, medication side effects, steroids, amphetamines, and antidepressants.
Types of Bipolar Disorder
- Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by one or more manic episodes, often accompanied by major depressive episodes.
- Bipolar II Disorder: Includes episodes of major depression and hypomania (less severe than mania).
- Cyclothymic Disorder: Characterized by chronic, fluctuating mood swings between hypomania and mild depression.
2-Major Depressive Episode-Bipolar Disorder
- A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
- Lasting for at least 1 week (or less if hospitalization is required).
- At least three additional symptoms:
- Inflated self-esteem
- Decreased need for sleep
- Pressure of speech
- Flight of ideas
- Distractibility
- Increased involvement in goal-directed activity
- Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
3-Hypomanic Episode
- Similar to mania but less severe.
- Episodes typically lasting for four days, and hospitalization is not required.
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms (Manic Episode)
- Feelings of extreme energy
- Increased activity and restlessness
- Trouble sleeping
- Racing thoughts
- Impulsive behaviors, like reckless spending
- Risky behaviors
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms (Depressive Episode)
- Extreme sadness, hopelessness, and emptiness
- Decreased activity levels
- Difficulty sleeping (insomnia or excessive sleepiness)
- Trouble concentrating or making decisions
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
- Thoughts of death or suicide
Case Study Example: Bipolar Disorder
- Sarah (32-year-old marketing manager) presented to the emergency room experiencing a manic episode. Her symptoms included significant energy, racing thoughts, and sleeping very little, accompanied by intense activity and reckless spending habits.
- The episode was significant in disrupting her relationships, finances and work.
- Diagnosed with Bipolar disorder.
Bipolar Disorder - Epidemiology
- Marital Status: Single, divorced, or widowed individuals have a greater risk of suicide attempts than married individuals.
- Gender: Women have higher rates of suicide attempts than men but men have higher rates of successful suicide.
- Age: Suicide risk highest in individuals over 50 and adolescents.
- Socioeconomic Status: Higher suicide rates in highest and lowest socioeconomic statuses compared to middle class individuals.
- Professionals: Professional healthcare workers and business executives are at higher risk.
Bipolar Disorders - Presenting Symptoms/Medical-Psychiatric Diagnosis
- Mood disorders, major depression, and bipolar disorders are common disorders that precede suicide.
- Other disorders that may present as symptoms include anxiety disorders and schizophrenia.
Bipolar Disorders - Suicidal Ideas/Acts
- Assessing prior suicide attempts
- Identifying direct statements, such as "I want to die."
- Recognizing indirect statements, like "I have nothing to live for."
Bipolar Disorders - Imbalanced Nutrition and Disturbed Sensory Perception
- Individuals with bipolar disorders may struggle with nutritional imbalances from disrupted eating patterns.
- Disturbed sensory perception can also be caused by brain alterations or sleep deprivation related to bipolar.
Bipolar Disorders - Treatments
- Medication Management
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- Psychotherapy
- Individual therapy
- Group therapy
- Family focus therapy
- Cognitive therapy
- Psychoeducation
- Support Services
- Crisis hotline
- Support groups
- Legal/financial assistance.
Bipolar Disorders-Psychopharmacology
- For Depression: Maprotiline, Amoxapine, Trazodone
- For Mania: Lithium carbonate, Anticonvulsants, Verapamil, Olanzapine
Bipolar Disorders-Recommendations
- Ensuring the client's physical and emotional safety, as well as the safety of those around them.
- Setting clear behavioral limits when necessary.
- Encouraging and reminding the client to respect personal space and distances between people.
- Communicating effectively using simple and direct statements.
- Prioritizing rest and promoting self-care.
- Protecting the client's dignity during interactions.
- Directing the client's energy into socially acceptable forms of activity.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as outlined in psychology texts. It explores the prevalence of depression among different genders and social classes, the classification of depressive disorders, and the specific criteria for diagnosing PMDD. Test your understanding of these important mental health topics.
