Psychology Chapter on Conditioning and Perception
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Questions and Answers

What are the primary mechanisms involved in classical conditioning that differentiate it from operant conditioning?

  • Shaping and reinforcement schedules
  • Positive and negative reinforcement
  • Unconditioned and conditioned stimuli (correct)
  • Extinction and spontaneous recovery

Which behavior is characterized by learning through consequences, such as rewards or punishments?

  • Classical conditioning
  • Observational learning
  • Operant conditioning (correct)
  • Conditioned reflexes

Which of the following terms describes the process where a learned behavior decreases in frequency due to the absence of reinforcement?

  • Generalization
  • Discrimination
  • Spontaneous recovery
  • Extinction (correct)

In the context of learning, what does the term 'generalization' refer to?

<p>Responding similarly to different stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains deviance as influenced by social interactions and the meanings individuals assign to behaviors?

<p>Differential association (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of binocular cues in human perception?

<p>They provide a sense of depth through retinal disparity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cue allows humans to infer depth without the use of both eyes?

<p>Monocular cues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the muscles of the eyes respond when viewing objects that are far away?

<p>They relax. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the visual cue of interposition indicate?

<p>An object that is in front is perceived as being closer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does relative size perception allow individuals to determine?

<p>The approximate size of objects based on closeness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the role of two eyes in vision is correct?

<p>They give a sense of depth through binocular cues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following services does mcatbros NOT provide?

<p>Voice coaching sessions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes monocular cues from binocular cues?

<p>Monocular cues require only one eye to interpret. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily suppressed by K-complexes during sleep?

<p>Cortical arousal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the N3 stage of sleep?

<p>Difficulty in waking a person (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of sleep spindles?

<p>Inhibiting certain perceptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which sleep stage does most dreaming occur?

<p>REM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of sleep stages within a typical cycle?

<p>N1 -&gt; N2 -&gt; N3 -&gt; N2 -&gt; REM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is primarily consolidated during N3 sleep?

<p>Declarative memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is termed 'paradoxical sleep'?

<p>Sleep where the body is paralyzed but the brain is active (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might help induce K-complexes in a sleeping person?

<p>Gentle touch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of relative height in perception?

<p>Higher objects are perceived to be farther away. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of constancy allows us to perceive an object as the same size despite changes in its distance from us?

<p>Size constancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the monocular cue of motion parallax refer to?

<p>Objects that are closer move faster than those farther away. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the difference between REM and NREM dreams?

<p>REM dreams are often vivid and memorable, while NREM dreams are not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sensory adaptation occur in the sense of hearing?

<p>It protects the ear by dampening vibrations over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates circadian rhythms in the body?

<p>Melatonin produced by the pineal gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes color constancy?

<p>The ability to perceive the same color despite different light conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is proprioception primarily concerned with?

<p>Understanding the position of the body in space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, what do dreams represent?

<p>Unconscious desires and thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is likely to experience more REM sleep?

<p>Infants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the perception of shapes is accurate?

<p>We perceive a door as a rectangle even when it opens and its shape changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of light adaptation in vision?

<p>Decreased sensitivity to light as brightness increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one theory regarding the purpose of dreams?

<p>To maintain brain flexibility and creativity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to activity in the prefrontal cortex during REM sleep?

<p>It is decreased, affecting logical reasoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis, what contributes to the creation of dreams?

<p>Neural impulses generated in the brainstem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might dreams serve a function related to memory?

<p>They help consolidate thoughts into long-term memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of drugs that can lead to death?

<p>High blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by LSD, leading to hallucinations?

<p>Serotonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property does THC, the active chemical in marijuana, possess?

<p>It heightens sensitivity to sensory input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might regular users of drugs require higher doses over time?

<p>Their brain learns to anticipate drug use and adjusts accordingly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy can some hallucinogens provide for PTSD treatment?

<p>Detachment from painful memories to facilitate acceptance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if someone is exposed to drug cues but does not take the drug?

<p>They experience a crash below homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of homeostasis in the body?

<p>To maintain stable internal conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of taking the same level of drugs in a new environment?

<p>Risk of overdose due to lack of conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Folkways

Socially accepted behaviors that are not strictly enforced, like saying "please" and "thank you".

Mores

Stronger norms that are considered morally important, like cheating or lying. Violating mores can lead to social disapproval.

Taboos

The most serious norms that are strictly prohibited and often have severe consequences, like incest or cannibalism.

Classical Conditioning

A process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a learned response.

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Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.

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Binocular Cues

The ability to perceive depth using both eyes, enabling us to understand the distance between objects.

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Convergence

When your eyes focus on an object, the degree to which they turn inward indicates how close or far away it is.

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Retinal Disparity

The slight difference in the image each eye receives due to their separation allows us to perceive depth.

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Monocular Cues

The perception of depth using only one eye, utilizing various cues.

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Relative Size

The size of objects in our field of vision helps us infer their relative distance. Closer objects appear larger.

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Interposition (Overlap)

When one object partially blocks another, we perceive the blocked object as farther away. This helps us determine the relative positions of objects.

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Constancy

The tendency to perceive an object as having a consistent size and shape even when its image on our retina changes.

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Visual Cues

Visual cues allow us to understand how things are arranged in the world around us, helping us to navigate and interact with our environment.

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Relative Height

Objects that are higher up in our field of vision are perceived as being farther away than objects that are lower.

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Shading and Contour

Using light and shadows to perceive the shape and depth of objects.

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Motion Parallax

Monocular cue of motion, where objects farther away appear to move slower than objects closer to the observer.

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Size Constancy

Our perception of an object's size remains the same despite changes in its distance from the viewer.

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Shape Constancy

Our perception of an object's shape remains the same even when its orientation changes.

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Color Constancy

Our perception of an object's color remains the same even under different lighting conditions.

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Sensory Adaptation

The ability of our senses to adapt to changing stimuli, becoming less sensitive over time.

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Stage 1 (N1) Sleep

The stage of sleep where you're easily woken up and experience a feeling of floating or falling. You see theta waves, which are slower than alpha waves, and hypnic jerks might occur.

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Sleep Stage Duration

The time spent in each sleep stage varies based on how long you've slept and your age. Babies spend a larger proportion of their sleep in REM sleep compared to adults.

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Stage 2 (N2) Sleep

A deeper stage of sleep where you are harder to wake up, characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes. Theta waves are present, but spindles are bursts of rapid brain activity and K-complexes are large, slow waves.

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Circadian Rhythm

A natural, internal process that regulates our physical and mental functions over a 24-hour period.

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Melatonin

A hormone produced in the pineal gland that plays a key role in regulating our sleep-wake cycle.

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Stage 3 (N3) Sleep

Most difficult to wake from, characterized by delta waves, where sleepwalking and sleep talking can occur. Important for the consolidation of declarative memories.

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REM Sleep

A stage of sleep where the eyes move rapidly beneath the eyelids, but most of the body is paralyzed. This stage is characterized by a combination of alpha, beta, and theta waves, and most dreaming occurs during this stage.

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REM Sleep

A state of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, increased brain activity, and vivid dreaming.

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Non-REM Sleep

Non-REM sleep consists of three stages: Stage 1 (light sleep), Stage 2 (deeper sleep), and Stage 3 (deepest sleep). Dreaming occurs mainly during REM sleep.

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Sleep Spindles

A burst of rapid brain activity that is associated with inhibiting certain perceptions, helping maintain a tranquil state during sleep. Some researchers suggest that sleep spindles play a role in sleeping through loud noises.

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Freud's Dream Theory

Dreams are a product of our unconscious thoughts, desires, and fears, according to Freud.

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K-complexes

A large, slow wave that is associated with suppressing cortical arousal, keeping you asleep, and aiding in the consolidation of memories. They can be triggered by a touch, which helps maintain sleep.

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Memory Consolidation

The process of transferring memories from short-term to long-term memory, often occurring during sleep.

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Activation Synthesis Hypothesis

The Activation Synthesis Hypothesis proposes that dreams arise from random neural activity in the brainstem, interpreted by the frontal cortex.

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Declarative Memory

A type of memory that includes facts and events. It's often consolidated during N3 sleep.

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Functions of Dreams

Dreams might serve several functions, including threat simulation, problem-solving, maintaining brain flexibility, consolidating memories, and developing neural pathways.

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Hallucinogen

A type of drug that alters perception, thoughts, and emotions, often leading to hallucinations and heightened sensory experiences.

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Homeostasis

The body's natural tendency to maintain a stable internal environment, like regulating temperature, heart rate, and metabolism.

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Habituation

The process where the body adapts to regular drug use, resulting in a need for higher doses to achieve the same effect.

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Drug Crash

The negative physical and mental effects experienced when a regular drug user stops taking the drug or reduces their dose.

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Drug Dependence

The body's response to repeated exposure to a drug, leading it to anticipate the drug's effects and prepare accordingly.

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Below Homeostasis

A state where the body is below its normal state of homeostasis due to drug use, often leading to decreased heart rate, metabolism, and energy.

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Drug Overdose

Taking a higher dose of a drug than usual, which can lead to potentially fatal consequences.

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THC

The main active chemical in marijuana, responsible for its psychoactive effects.

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Study Notes

MCAT 2015 Behavioral Sciences Review

  • AAMC, KHAN ACADEMY, MCAT2015, BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES REVIEW
  • Table of Contents with page numbers for each topic. Topics include Visual Cues, Sensory Adaptation, Weber's Law, Absolute Threshold of Sensation, Somatosensation, Visual Sensory Information, The Vestibular System, Signal Detection Theory, and Gestalt Principles.
  • Additional topics include: Structure of the Eye, Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing, Photoreceptors, Photoreceptor Distribution in Retina, Visual Field Processing, Feature Detection and Parallel Processing, Auditory Structure, Auditory Processing, Somatosensory Homunculus, Proprioception and Kinaesthesia, Pain and Temperature, Olfaction, Gustation, States of Consciousness, Sleep Stages, Dreaming, Dream Theories, Sleep Disorders, Overview of Psychoactive Drugs, Psychoactive Drugs, Drug Dependence, Routes of Drug Entry, Reward Pathway in the Brain, Tolerance, Substance Use Disorders, Divided Attention, Information Processing Models, Memory, Encoding, Aging, Alzheimer's Disease, Korsakoff syndrome, Schemas, Decision Making, Intelligence, Language, Emotions, Limbic System, Language Components, Emotions, Cerebral Hemispheres, Theories of Emotion, Stress, Physiological Effects, Behavioral Effects, Stress Management, Structure of the Nervous System, Motor Unit, Peripheral, Somatosensation, and additional related subtopics.
  • Topics continue across multiple pages.
  • All topics address behavioral and physiological principles in detail.

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Description

Explore essential concepts from psychology in this quiz focusing on classical and operant conditioning, as well as visual perception cues. Test your understanding of learning processes and how we perceive depth and size in our environment. Perfect for students delving into the complexities of behavioral psychology.

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