Review Uni Quizzes

Questions and Answers

The association between depression and physical/medical illness is not explained by:

Increased rates of death following a cardiac event

Better immune functioning in people with depression (correct)

Unhealthy lifestyle choices by people with depression

Ongoing stressors of dealing with a medical illness

Physical/hormonal changes due to medical illness

The instability model of bipolar disorder relapse assumes four mechanisms that trigger relapse. They include all of the following except:

Medication non-adherence

Disrupted routines (e.g., working longer)

A biological vulnerability

High state of anxiety (correct)

Dysfunctional cognitions

Which of the following is not typically associated with a manic episode?

Inflated self-esteem

Risk taking

High trait anxiety (correct)

Inflated or expansive mood

Grandiosity

Bipolar disorder is commonly comorbid with several other psychiatric illnesses, except:

Schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

The goal dysregulation model suggests that mania is the result of:

Excessive goal engagement Signup and view all the answers

Pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder vary according to:

Whether the patient is in an acute or maintenance phase of the condition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the options listed is a common measure of state/trait anxiety in Australia?

Behavioural Inhibition Scale/Behavioural Activation Scale (BIS/BAS) Signup and view all the answers

With regards to bipolar I disorder:

It is equally common in men and women Signup and view all the answers

For a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, a person must have experienced at least one:

Manic or hypomanic episode Signup and view all the answers

The dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa suggests that binge eating episodes are triggered by:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Historically, the term 'anorexia' refers to:

Loss of appetite Signup and view all the answers

Which option is the most accurate regarding the treatment of bulimia nervosa?

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would exclude an individual from meeting DSM-5 criteria for binge eating disorder?

Meeting criteria for anorexia or bulimia Signup and view all the answers

Anorexia nervosa is mainly a disorder of:

Young women Signup and view all the answers

Behavioural weight-loss treatments for overweight people with binge eating disorder:

Result in a decrease in binge eating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an alteration that was made to the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa in the DSM-5?

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Current limitations in the treatment of eating disorders include:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Currently, the most evidence-based treatment for anorexia nervosa is:

Both cognitive behaviour therapy and medication Signup and view all the answers

Anorexia nervosa is:

Ten times as common in females as in males Signup and view all the answers

Family therapy studies suggest that family therapy:

Is helpful for those with an early onset of their eating disorder Signup and view all the answers

The most common problem for patients with binge eating disorder is:

Low self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Bulimia nervosa differs from the binge eating/purging variant of anorexia nervosa in that:

People with bulimia nervosa are not underweight Signup and view all the answers

The DSM-5 uses less strict criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. This should:

Increase the number of individuals falling into the residual eating disorder categories Signup and view all the answers

Recovery from anorexia nervosa is:

Typically a lengthy process with a significant number failing to recover fully Signup and view all the answers

For each year that first use of alcohol is delayed, the risk of developing alcohol use disorder decreases. However, this may be due to:

All of the options provided are correct Signup and view all the answers

In the DSM-5, pathological gambling is renamed as:

Gambling disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of these addictive substances is the one most commonly abused in Australia?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms accurately describes individuals who would meet the formal diagnosis for gambling disorder?

Disordered gamblers Signup and view all the answers

The addiction model of gambling views gambling as an addiction based on the fact that:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

In the neurochemistry of substances of dependence, the most important neurotransmitter is:

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

According to data from the United Kingdom (2011), adults with a substance abuse disorder have a life expectancy approximately:

14 years less than the general population Signup and view all the answers

Compared to the general community in Australia, individuals who use methamphetamine are:

11 times more likely to experience psychosis Signup and view all the answers

High levels of comorbidity of substance use disorders and other mental disorders have been explained by saying that:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

It is generally accepted that the development of pathological gambling is due to:

All of the given options interacting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a criterion for gambling disorder?

Gambling when alone Signup and view all the answers

The reason that share trading is not defined as gambling is that:

Stock market wins and losses are not determined by chance Signup and view all the answers

With increasing age, people are:

Less susceptible to the effects of alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Monozygotic twins have higher concordance rates for substance use disorder:

For alcohol, cannabis and tobacco Signup and view all the answers

Substance use disorders cluster in families because:

All of the options given are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of individuals who return home to a family with high expressed emotion after a psychotic episode?

They are more likely than others to relapse Signup and view all the answers

Psychotic delusions are usually categorized in terms of their:

Content and bizarreness Signup and view all the answers

Negative symptoms in psychosis are easily confused with:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

The dimensional approach to psychosis argues that:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Some research suggests that excessive dopaminergic activity in schizophrenia is linked with:

Positive symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Some evidence suggests that the risk of suicide may have increased in people diagnosed with schizophrenia over the past 100 years. Which of the provided options is not a reason for this?

Brief hospital admissions as opposed to long-term admissions as occurred in the past Signup and view all the answers

The hallucinations reported by people with schizophrenia are most often:

Auditory (hearing) Signup and view all the answers

The use of 'schizophrenia' as a diagnosis has been challenged because:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Psychotic disorders are often misperceived as involving the presence of only:

Hallucinations and delusions Signup and view all the answers

Eugen Bleuler invented the term 'schizophrenia', referring to:

The loosening of connections between thought structures Signup and view all the answers

With regard to treatment during the acute phase of psychosis, research trials have indicated which of the following treatment options results in symptom reduction?

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Formal thought disorder includes the following except:

Catalepsy Signup and view all the answers

Use of cannabis by people with psychosis:

Increases their rate of relapse Signup and view all the answers

What are the criteria for identifying individuals in the prodromal phase of psychosis?

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

The Zubin and Spring stress vulnerability model of causes of psychosis suggests that vulnerability to psychotic illness:

Can include both psychosocial and biological factors Signup and view all the answers

The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation guidelines for the treatment of dissociative identity disorder emphasize all of the following treatment components except:

Hypnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of the finding that symptoms of anxiety and depression are common among people with medically unexplained physical symptoms?

It supports the theory that psychological distress is converted into somatic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Most individuals with dissociative identity disorders also meet criteria for:

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Signup and view all the answers

Which answer best describes factitious disorder?

An individual deliberately feigns illness for no obvious gain Signup and view all the answers

The posttraumatic model of dissociative identity disorder argues that most individuals with this disorder show the following except:

High trait anxiety Signup and view all the answers

According to the fantasy model of dissociative identity disorder:

Highly fantasy-prone individuals easily dissociate Signup and view all the answers

Highly dissociative individuals are highly fantasy prone. What is the answer?

E Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant neurobiological model of pain?

Gate control theory Signup and view all the answers

According to the iatrogenic theory, dissociative identity disorder is the product of:

Therapy or the popular media Signup and view all the answers

The most common precipitants of depersonalization include all of the following except:

Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Treatments for chronic somatic symptoms and related disorders include all of the following except:

Exploring unconscious thoughts Signup and view all the answers

The case of Anna O and the account of psychoanalytic treatment of somatic symptoms is historically important because:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

The most common acute somatic symptom is:

Pain Signup and view all the answers

People with somatic disorders have been found to have higher levels of:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

There has been one addition in the DSM-5 to the criteria used in diagnosing dissociative identity disorder. What is it?

Pathological possession is included Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, a man who develops paralysis in his arm after seeing his wife flirting with another man, would be displaying signs of:

Hysteria Signup and view all the answers

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by:

Disturbances in cognitions and behaviour Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not one of the reasons experts have proposed a dimensional system of classification for the DSM-5?

Psychiatric disorders are separate and independent Signup and view all the answers

Among mental health professionals, a crucial element of defining dysfunctional behaviour is:

If a person's behaviour interferes with his/her ability to carry on with everyday life Signup and view all the answers

Psychoanalysts believe that defence mechanisms operate by:

Distorting impulses into acceptable forms or making them unconscious Signup and view all the answers

The pattern and rates of co-occurrence among the mental disorders are thought to reflect:

The existence of higher-order dimensions of psychopathology Signup and view all the answers

Critical psychologists argue that:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Most modern explanations of mental disorder include:

A diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

Emil Kraepelin classified mental disorders in terms of their:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

The rational-emotive therapist Albert Ellis believed that people respond to:

Their interpretations of events Signup and view all the answers

According to psychoanalytic theory, both normal and abnormal behaviours are the result of:

Conflict between the id, ego, and superego Signup and view all the answers

Humanistic theories and therapies are not:

Easy to measure and evaluate Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following has not been suggested as an advantage of using both a categorical and a dimensional system of diagnosis for psychiatric disorders?

Clinicians will find the combination system simpler to use than the current system Signup and view all the answers

A functional analysis of behaviour:

Describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively Signup and view all the answers

According to the biopsychosocial approach, human behaviour can best be explained by:

A variety of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors Signup and view all the answers

According to psychoanalytic theory, the reasons for much human behaviour are:

Hidden in the unconscious mind Signup and view all the answers

According to Barlow (2002), the hallmark of anxiety is:

False alarms Signup and view all the answers

What changes to the diagnostic criteria for GAD were enacted in the DSM-5?

Removed the criterion that worry should be difficult to control Signup and view all the answers

In the triple vulnerability model of anxiety, negative affectivity is:

Subjective distress involving anxiety, disgust and anger Signup and view all the answers

The Rapee (1991) information processing model of the development of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) suggests that individuals with GAD selectivity attend to:

Threatening information Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) typically experience worries about:

Both social threat and physical threat Signup and view all the answers

Seligman's preparedness theory suggests that:

There is a biological/evolutionary component to phobic fears Signup and view all the answers

Development of a panic disorder requires:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

In vicarious acquisition, fear is acquired by:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

The most effective treatment for a specific phobia is:

In vivo exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not true of benzodiazepine medications in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder?

The anxiety symptoms do not return after the medication is stopped Signup and view all the answers

The intolerance of uncertainty model identifies three processes that maintain generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. One of them is:

Holding negative beliefs about worry as a coping strategy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a change to anxiety disorders in the DSM-5?

Specific phobia and panic disorder are combined into one diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

According to the Wells meta-cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), an individual with GAD is likely to have:

Only negative beliefs about worrying Signup and view all the answers

According to Clark's model of panic disorder, people with this disorder:

Catastrophize bodily sensations as dangerous Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not typically true of GAD?

It is not comorbid with other disorders Signup and view all the answers

If John spends eight hours a day checking that electrical appliances in his house are switched off, he is:

Being obsessive Signup and view all the answers

There are two models that attempt to explain the aetiology of OCD---the neuropsychological model and the cognitive model. Which of the following is not recognised as a possible trigger of OCD?

Fearful, obsessive or intrusive thoughts that are ignored and left untreated Signup and view all the answers

According to Australian research, what is a common element of obsession in individuals with OCD in the Australian population?

All of the listed options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Trichotillomania is defined as the recurrent pulling out of one's own hair.

A Signup and view all the answers

Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a prevalence rate of about:

2--3 per cent Signup and view all the answers

Diana is concerned about her physical appearance. She constantly thinks that her body is the wrong shape and size, despite having had cosmetic surgery. Diana is displaying signs of:

Body dysmorphic disorder Signup and view all the answers

According to the DSM-5, the presence of OCD is diagnosed using which criteria?

Obsessions and/or compulsions that cause distress, are time-consuming, interfere with social and occupational functioning and are not attributed to a substance, medical condition or other disorder Signup and view all the answers

Based on research evidence, which of the following is more likely to result in PTSD?

Interpersonal trauma Signup and view all the answers

Attempts to prevent PTSD with early intervention have been challenged by:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

For posttraumatic stress disorder, the treatment with the best long-term outcome according to randomized controlled trials is:

Prolonged exposure Signup and view all the answers

In the psychological treatment of PTSD, which of the following is a component of cognitive behavior therapy for PTSD?

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of PTSD, which pharmacological therapy has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms?

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is not an example of a re-experiencing symptom of PTSD?

Avoidance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a change to the PTSD diagnosis in the DSM-5?

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression suggests that in individuals with depression:

Dysfunctional negative cognitions result in depressive symptoms Signup and view all the answers

An Australian research team has argued for a subtyping model with three broad classes of depressive disorders: psychotic, melancholic and non-melancholic. Which of the following are theorized to be primarily biologically based?

Psychotic and melancholic depression Signup and view all the answers

Behavioral theories of depression focus on the environmental conditions and contingencies and suggest that depression is maintained because of:

Reduced opportunity for positive reinforcers Signup and view all the answers

Within six months following treatment, approximately what percentage of people with major depression will experience recovery?

50 per cent Signup and view all the answers

A major depressive disorder with melancholia has all of the following features except:

Catatonic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people with a major depressive disorder also experience significant anxiety symptoms?

50 per cent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a specifier to major depressive disorder?

Movement disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating bipolar disorder?

Symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments Signup and view all the answers

Which randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrated the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder?

Perich et al. (2013) Signup and view all the answers

In Family-Focused Therapy (FFT), which aspect of treatment is improved to reduce relapse rates in bipolar disorder?

Family communication and problem-solving skills Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of treatment was Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) found to be more effective than standard management?

Acute phase Signup and view all the answers

What treatment approach combines Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes in bipolar disorder?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the results of the RCT conducted by Miklowitz et al. (2003) regarding Family-Focused Therapy?

Fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation Signup and view all the answers

When was the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for bipolar disorder conducted?

1984 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key methods included in the CBT intervention for bipolar disorder?

Symptom monitoring Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa

The dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa indicates binge eating episodes can be triggered by dieting and/or negative affect.
Historically, "anorexia" refers primarily to loss of appetite.
Treatment for bulimia nervosa shows that cognitive behavior therapy is typically more effective than antidepressants.
To meet DSM-5 criteria for binge eating disorder, an individual cannot have a history of anorexia or bulimia.
Anorexia nervosa most commonly affects young women, significantly more than other demographic categories.

Behavioral Treatments and Binge Eating Disorder

Behavioral weight-loss treatments for individuals with binge eating disorder are associated with a decrease in binge eating.
The DSM-5 modified criteria for bulimia nervosa include binge and weight-control behaviors occurring at least once weekly.
Limitations in treating eating disorders include resistance to treatment and lack of sufficient understanding of disorders in men.

Recovery and Pathological Gambling

Recovery from anorexia nervosa is often lengthy; many individuals do not fully recover.
Antidepressants can effectively reduce binge eating but are associated with high dropout and relapse rates.
Pathological gambling is now classified as gambling disorder in DSM-5, emphasizing an addiction model linking compulsive gambling to dopamine activity.

Psychosis and Psychological Disorders

Individuals returning to high expressed emotion families post-psychotic episode have a greater relapse risk.
Symptoms of anxiety and depression commonly coexist with medically unexplained physical symptoms, challenging traditional illness models.
Predominantly, hallucinations in schizophrenia are auditory, while negative symptoms can be mistaken for depression.

Treatment and Models in Psychotherapy

A combination of pharmacological approaches and cognitive behavior therapy may lead to symptom reduction in acute psychosis phases.
Several models explain the development of psychotic disorders, including the stress-vulnerability model incorporating both psychosocial and biological factors.

Somatic Disorders and Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative identity disorder is marked by a reported history of childhood trauma and psychological distress.
Treatments for chronic somatic symptoms may involve relaxation and challenging unhelpful thoughts, while exploring unconscious thoughts has not been shown to be effective.
The DSM-5 includes additional criteria for diagnosing dissociative identity disorder, incorporating aspects of pathological possession.

Substance Use and Addictive Disorders

There exists a strong genetic component in the clustering of substance use disorders within families.
Disorders related to substance use demonstrate high comorbidity with mental health issues, highlighting self-medication tendencies and shared underlying causes.
Delays in first use of alcohol decrease the risk of later developing alcohol use disorders, potentially connected to various social and environmental factors.### Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Paralysis in an arm observed after witnessing a spouse's flirtation indicates signs of hysteria.
Defence mechanisms transform unacceptable impulses into either acceptable forms or make them unconscious.
Normal and abnormal behaviours arise from the conflict between id, ego, and superego.

Mental Disorder Characteristics

Defined as syndromes characterized by disturbances in cognition and behaviour.
Dysfunctional behaviour disrupts a person’s daily functioning.
Mental disorders often exhibit high rates of comorbidity and exist on a severity continuum.

DSM-5 Classification

The proposal for a dimensional classification system arises from the continuum nature of psychiatric disorders.
Comorbid conditions suggest greater underlying dimensions of psychopathology.
Psychiatric disorders should not be considered separate and independent.

Critical Psychology Perspective

Mental health professionals can sometimes serve as agents of oppression, neglecting the social context.
Abnormal behaviour must be assessed within the context of the individual’s experiences and circumstances.

Modern Approaches to Mental Disorders

The diathesis-stress model explains mental disorder vulnerability stemming from a combination of genetic, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
The biopsychosocial model emphasises the interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences on behaviour.

Anxiety Disorders and Models

The hallmark of anxiety involves false alarms rather than true alarms.
Vicarious acquisition suggests fear responses are triggered by observing others.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) addresses worries about both social and physical threats.

Cognitive Behavioral Approaches and Therapies

Cognitive restructuring is a core component of CBT for PTSD, addressing dysfunctional beliefs.
Prolonged exposure therapy shows the best long-term outcomes for PTSD treatment.
Treatment plans for GAD must also include cognitive elements related to beliefs about worry.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

OCD is characterised by obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviours).
Common features include significant anxiety; approximately 50% of individuals with depression also exhibit anxiety symptoms.
Trichotillomania involves compulsive hair pulling as a manifestation of OCD-related behaviours.

Depression and Bipolar Disorder

Depression can be biologically based; melancholic and psychotic depressions are thought to stem from biological factors.
Major depressive disorder's specifiers include inability to experience pleasure but do not incorporate onset due to grief.
Bipolar disorder features manic episodes characterised by inflated self-esteem, risk-taking, and expansive mood.

Relapse and Treatment Mechanisms

The instability model of bipolar disorder identifies triggers for relapse, including medication non-adherence and disrupted routines.
Treatment strategies for bipolar may vary based on the phase of the condition (acute vs. maintenance).

Summary of Treatment Modalities

Pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder respond differently depending on the individual's current phase.
Cognitive behaviour therapy is integral for PTSD, including various techniques for managing symptoms and restructuring cognition.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a prevalence rate of around 2-3%.
Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder commonly worry about everyday life issues alongside specific threats.

These notes encapsulate fundamental concepts and relationships among disorders, therapeutic approaches, and treatment highlights for effective studying.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Bipolar Disorder

Primary focus is on symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments to manage bipolar disorder effectively.
A key method within CBT interventions is the practice of symptom monitoring to track mood fluctuations.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

Efficacy for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder was demonstrated by the randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted by Perich et al. in 2013.

Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)

FFT enhances family communication and problem-solving skills, which helps to reduce relapse rates in patients with bipolar disorder.
The RCT by Miklowitz et al. (2003) found that FFT resulted in fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation.

IPSRT was found to be more effective than standard management during the acute phase of treatment for bipolar disorder.

Treatment Approaches

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be combined with minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes of bipolar disorder.

Historical Context of CBT in Bipolar Disorder

The first randomized controlled trial on CBT for bipolar disorder was conducted in 1984, marking a significant milestone in treatment research for this condition.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to the dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa and historical contexts of anorexia. Explore the triggers of binge eating episodes and the evolution of definitions associated with eating disorders. Test your understanding of these psychological conditions and their implications.