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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of cortical arousal?
What is the primary characteristic of cortical arousal?
What is one reason suggested for the adaptive nature of sleep?
What is one reason suggested for the adaptive nature of sleep?
Which stage of sleep accounts for the largest percentage of total sleep?
Which stage of sleep accounts for the largest percentage of total sleep?
What is a significant characteristic of REM sleep?
What is a significant characteristic of REM sleep?
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As humans age, how does sleep duration typically change?
As humans age, how does sleep duration typically change?
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What type of sleep do whales experience that is different from most mammals?
What type of sleep do whales experience that is different from most mammals?
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During which stage of sleep do sleep spindles and K-Complexes occur?
During which stage of sleep do sleep spindles and K-Complexes occur?
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What is the effect of atropine on EEG activity in animals?
What is the effect of atropine on EEG activity in animals?
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What wave patterns are typically associated with cortical activity during REM sleep?
What wave patterns are typically associated with cortical activity during REM sleep?
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How does REM sleep change with age?
How does REM sleep change with age?
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What type of dreams are significantly more common according to the Threat Simulation Theory of Dreams?
What type of dreams are significantly more common according to the Threat Simulation Theory of Dreams?
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What physiological changes occur during NREM sleep?
What physiological changes occur during NREM sleep?
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What behavior is most commonly reported in social interaction dreams?
What behavior is most commonly reported in social interaction dreams?
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What happens to REM sleep when a person is deprived of it?
What happens to REM sleep when a person is deprived of it?
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What effect do amphetamines have on REM sleep?
What effect do amphetamines have on REM sleep?
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Which brain structures are primarily involved in regulating arousal and sleep?
Which brain structures are primarily involved in regulating arousal and sleep?
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Which neurotransmitter is known to increase arousal in the cerebral cortex?
Which neurotransmitter is known to increase arousal in the cerebral cortex?
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What effect does serotonin have during sleep?
What effect does serotonin have during sleep?
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What role does the Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPO) play in sleep?
What role does the Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPO) play in sleep?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is predominantly active during the waking state?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is predominantly active during the waking state?
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What happens when the MBn (medial peri-brachial nucleus) is destroyed?
What happens when the MBn (medial peri-brachial nucleus) is destroyed?
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What is the effect of anti-histamine drugs on the brain?
What is the effect of anti-histamine drugs on the brain?
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What occurs in the brain when RAS is aroused?
What occurs in the brain when RAS is aroused?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for maintaining ongoing behavior and suppressing sensory information during activities?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for maintaining ongoing behavior and suppressing sensory information during activities?
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What is the primary role of adenosine in regard to arousal in the pons?
What is the primary role of adenosine in regard to arousal in the pons?
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What is the primary consequence of REM deprivation according to the content?
What is the primary consequence of REM deprivation according to the content?
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How does depression relate to REM sleep onset?
How does depression relate to REM sleep onset?
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What is a consequence of programming device activity in REM sleep?
What is a consequence of programming device activity in REM sleep?
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What cognitive function is significantly improved by REM sleep as indicated in the content?
What cognitive function is significantly improved by REM sleep as indicated in the content?
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According to the information, what happens during shallow sleep in relation to slow-wave activity?
According to the information, what happens during shallow sleep in relation to slow-wave activity?
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What is the effect of REM sleep on anxiety provoking material?
What is the effect of REM sleep on anxiety provoking material?
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What type of memory requires slow-wave sleep (NREM) for effective integration?
What type of memory requires slow-wave sleep (NREM) for effective integration?
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What is the primary purpose of the syndrome in response to a stressor?
What is the primary purpose of the syndrome in response to a stressor?
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What does General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) suggest about the body's reaction to stress?
What does General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) suggest about the body's reaction to stress?
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Which of the following best describes 'Signal Anxiety'?
Which of the following best describes 'Signal Anxiety'?
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According to Meyer’s research, how does life change correlate with illness?
According to Meyer’s research, how does life change correlate with illness?
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What did the Social Readjustment Scale measure?
What did the Social Readjustment Scale measure?
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In Popkin's study, what was the relationship found between life changes and performance in a dog-sled race?
In Popkin's study, what was the relationship found between life changes and performance in a dog-sled race?
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What factor was noted to influence the incidence of illness among immigrant populations?
What factor was noted to influence the incidence of illness among immigrant populations?
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What personality factors were examined in relation to stress and illness?
What personality factors were examined in relation to stress and illness?
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Study Notes
Arousal
- Behavioral arousal is displayed when an organism responds to a stimuli
- Autonomic arousal is demonstrated by changes in bodily functions (heart rate, etc.)
- Cortical arousal is demonstrated by desynchronized, beta wave activity in the brain
Chemicals and Sleep
- Atropine produces EEG activity akin to sleep but the cat/dog will still act normal
- Physostigmine produces EEG activity akin to being alert but the animal behaves as if it is drowsy
- This demonstrates that behavior is not always correlated to autonomic arousal
Hormones and Emotions
- Epinephrine, an adrenal hormone, is related to anger and aggression
- Changes in ANS activity are related to disgust, anger, and fear
- Universal facial expressions are signals of emotional states
Sleep
- Sleep is an overpowering human motive.
- It is adaptive and removes us from situations in which we are least efficient.
- Circadian rhythms operate during sleep.
- Prey animals sleep less than predators.
- Whales and some birds have unihemispheric slow-wave sleep where one half of the brain sleeps
- Sleep decreases with age.
Stages of Sleep
- There are five stages of sleep:
- Alpha Activity: relaxed wakefulness
- Stage 1: Irregular low amplitude waves
- Stage 2: Sleep spindles and K-complexes
- Stage 3: Slow high-amplitude waves
- Stage 4: Mix of theta, beta, and alpha waves
- Stage 1 - 4, NREM slow wave sleep. Stage 5 is REM sleep
- REM sleep correlates with dreaming.
- Most REM dreams are bizarre and negative in nature.
Dreams
- 100 minutes per night spent dreaming
- Dreams are not usually emotional, if they are they are usually negative in nature
- Early night dreams are about the day's events (day residues)
- Late night dreams draw on stored memories
- REM sleep changes with age and becomes less stable
Neurocognitive Theory of Dreams
- Dreams rely on maturation and maintenance of forebrain structures
- Continuity Principle: personal concerns during the day enter dreams (day residues)
- Repetition Principle: the same setting, characters, and interactions appear in dreams
Threat Simulation Theory of Dreams
- Dreams allow us to rehearse perceived threats and avoid them through rehearsal in dreams.
- Dreams are usually negative and threatening.
- Aggressive dreams are the most common type
- REM deprivation increases aggression in animals when awake
Physiology of Sleep
- NREM sleep:
- Blood pressure, heart rate, respiration decline
- Veins and arteries dilate (vasodilation)
- Brain waves have high amplitude and are slow
- REM sleep:
- Blood pressure, heart rate, respiration increase
- Blood flow to the brain increases
- Penile erection in males
Brain Stem Structures
- Pons, medulla, RAS are involved in arousal and sleep.
- The RAS receives sensory information from the environment and arouses the thalamus which in turn arouses the cerebral cortex which in turn arouses the RAS.
- When aroused, the RAS sends impulses to the lateral hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain.
- Connections from the basal forebrain activate the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
Neurotransmitters and Arousal
-
Acetylcholine (ACH):
- Cells in the basal forebrain and pons activate the cerebral cortex.
- Desynchronized EEG waves occur when stimulated.
- ACH increases arousal.
-
Norepinephrine (NoR-Ep):
- Cells in the locus coerulus of the pons activate the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellum, pons, medulla.
- NoR-Ep is high in waking and drops off to zero in REM sleep
-
Serotonin:
- Cells in the raphe nuclei of the pons and medulla connect to the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia.
- Cells are most active in waking and decrease in sleep.
- Serotonin influences automatic behaviors. It maintains ongoing behavior and suppresses sensory information that might interrupt those activities.
-
Histamine:
- Cells in the tuberamammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus connect to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain.
- Activity in these cells is high in waking, and low in sleeping.
- Histamine producing neurons connected to the cortex lead to arousal and attention to environmental stimuli.
- Anti-histamine drugs block brain histamine receptors which makes one sleepy and less attentive.
Brainstem and NREM Sleep
- Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPO): crucial to delta wave sleep
- Stimulation of VLPO neurons leads to drowsiness
- Animals deprived of sleep and allowed to sleep show an increase in firing of neurons in the VLPO
- Locus Coerulus (LC) and Raphe Nuclei: when active they inhibit REM sleep. REM occurs when the neurons in these regions are inactive.
Brainstem and REM Sleep
- Sub-lateral-dorsal nucleus (SLDn), pre-coeruleus region (PCr), and medial peri-brachial-nucleus (MBn): these cells secrete neurotransmitters, some inhibitory and some excitatory
- Destruction of MBn leads to reduced REM sleep
Adenosine
- Adenosine has an inhibitory effect on neurons that maintain arousal in the pons.
- Two types of receptors for Adenosine: A1 is inhibitory and A2 is excitatory
- Caffeine and theophylline block receptor sites for adenosine.
REM Sleep and Memory
- REM occurs readily after a full day of worry, stress, or intense learning.
- REM deprivation decreases access to emotionally important memories.
- REM connects past memories and present memories related to those past experiences.
- Depression is positively correlated with initial REM onset
Sleep and Age
- Stage 4 (NREM) and REM decline with age
- Infants born prematurely spend 75% of their time in REM. At 3 months, REM drops to 30%.
- REM acts as an internal source of regulation that "sets up" brain organization.
Programming Device
- New information learned during waking changes existing brain organization during REM sleep
- These new inputs are reorganized during REM sleep
Consolidation of Memories
- Dreaming facilitates the transfer of short-term learning to long-term memory.
- REM deprived subjects are more anxious than normal subjects when shown an anxiety provoking film.
- Dreaming during REM allows anxiety provoking material to be incorporated, which leads to habituation, (reduced anxiety response)
Storage of Complex Associative Information
- Recall of complex material is better after isolated REM, as compared to NREM sleep.
- Narcoleptics fall asleep quickly and REM occurs early. This facilitates the consolidation of memory
REM Sleep Syndrome
- This syndrome, caused by brain lesions, interrupts dreaming and memory.
- Increase REM is the brain's way of compensating for these deficits
Sleep and Hippocampus
- Hippocampus neuron firings during learning are re-fired during sleep, which facilitates memory consolidation
- Declarative memories require slow-wave sleep (NREM) to integrate old and new memories
Stress
- Selye defines stress as a non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.
- This syndrome represents a set of responses that contain or eliminate the stressor.
- GAS is triggered by both physical and psychological stressors: e.g., loud noises, crowding, anxiety, etc.
- GAS is not always adaptive leading to Diseases of Adaptation: the body and mind are not always able to contain or eliminate the stressor.
- Signal anxiety: a perception of external danger mobilizes the body and mind for defense.
- Internal anxiety arises from the fear of instinctive impulses breaking through the norm.
- Life change, stress, and illness are correlated.
- Meyer investigated the correlation between life change as a stressor and subsequent illness: physical and/or psychological.
- Hinkle found that illness tended to cluster around periods of time in which the social environment or interpersonal relationships made large demands on an individual
Social Readjustment Scale
- This scale correlates the number of events, and the nature of these events, to illness.
- Retrospective studies provided information on this relationship.
- Prospective studies attempt to predict future health changes.
- Popkin found that the larger the number of life changes, the poorer performance in a dog-sled race.
- Immigration studies show that there is no greater incidence of illness for immigrants as compared to the rest of the population.
- Women immigrants experience illness at higher rates compared to men immigrants.
Buffering Effects of Life Changes and Stress
- Personality style and exercise buffer the effects of stress
- People with high stress tend toward negative self-evaluations
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Description
Explore the intricate relationships between arousal, sleep, and emotions in this quiz. Understand how different types of arousal affect behavior and how these concepts relate to physiological responses and hormonal influences. Test your knowledge on the adaptive nature of sleep and its significance in human and animal behavior.
