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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability: The test measures one and only one thing (precisely). Validity: The test measures what it is supposed to measure.
What are three things that need consistency for reliability?
- Consistency across items (internal consistency, alternate forms, split-half reliability), 2) Consistency across time (test-retest), 3) Consistency across other sources (inter-rater reliability).
What is the Generalizability Theory?
Generalizability Theory (G-Theory) looks at all the different sources as part of the same analysis - it examines the amount of inconsistency due to each source of error.
What are the five sources of evidence for validity?
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What are the Test Standards?
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What are the three parts of the test standards?
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What are the 3 tenets of professional practice for using and interpreting test scores?
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Why are the test standards important?
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What is a major problem with the 'new' standards?
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What is validity?
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What is the over-arching standard of validity?
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What was the 1954 Standards definition of validity?
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What was the 1966 Standards definition of validity?
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What was the 1985 Standards definition of validity?
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What was the 1999 Standards definition of validity?
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What is the 2014 Standards definition of validity?
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Study Notes
Reliability vs. Validity
- Reliability: Measures consistency in what is tested; focuses on precision.
- Validity: Assesses whether a test measures what it is intended to measure.
Consistency in Reliability
- Across Items: All test items must measure the same construct (assesses internal consistency).
- Across Time: Consistent test performance over different administrations (test-retest reliability).
- Across Raters: Consistency across different evaluators (inter-rater reliability).
Generalizability Theory (G-Theory)
- Analyzes various sources of error within the same framework.
- Provides a statistical method for evaluating the reliability of measurements under specific conditions.
Sources of Validity Evidence
- Evidence from item content.
- Evidence from process/manipulations.
- Evidence from internal structure.
- Evidence from relationships to other variables (includes criterion and construct validity).
- Evidence from consequences of test use.
Test Standards
- Established by the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Educational Research Association (AERA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME).
- Updated versions published in 1954, 1966, 1974, 1985, 1999, with the latest in 2014.
Parts of Test Standards
- Part I: Foundations.
- Part II: Operations.
- Part III: Testing Applications.
Professional Practice Tenets
- Key principles for test score interpretation include validity, reliability/precision, and fairness in testing.
Importance of Test Standards
- Provide a framework representing current consensus and operational guidelines.
- Include multiple viewpoints and psychometric models for evaluating validity, reliability, and bias.
Challenges with New Standards
- Access to updated test standards is currently problematic.
Definition of Validity (2014 Standards)
- Validity is defined as the extent to which evidence and theory support the intended uses of test scores, emphasizing empirical observations and their interpretations.
Overarching Validity Standard
- Requires rationale for each recommended interpretation of test scores, including evidence and theory summary.
Historical Definitions of Validity
- 1954 Standards: Criterion-based view correlating tests with outcomes.
- 1966 Standards: Tripartite view encompassing content, criterion, and construct validity.
- 1985 Standards: Extended to include the consequences of testing.
- 1999 Standards: Unitary validity based on multiple evidence sources supporting score interpretations.
- 2014 Standards: Maintained the unitary form of validity from 1999.
Criterion View of Validity
- Originated in the early 1950s by theorists like Guilford and Cureton, focusing on correlating test results with relevant criteria.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key concepts of reliability and validity in psychological testing. It covers essential definitions and the importance of consistency in test standards. Explore how these concepts impact the effectiveness of assessments.