Psychology Chapter: Mental Health Overview

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Questions and Answers

Why was, "More for the Mind", a significant report?

It called for treating mental illness as physical illness. (correct)

It established the mental health commission of Canada

It described the problem of the psychiatric homeless population

It established the Canadian Mental Health Association

What was the main reason for deinstitutionalization?

To combat the stigma associated with mental health issues

To provide specialized care in the community

To increase funding for outpatient clinics

To reduce overcrowding in mental health institutions. (correct)

What happened as a direct consequence of deinstitutionalization?

An increase in the number of mental health institutions

A decrease in the stigma surrounding mental illness

The rise of a psychiatric homeless population (correct)

The development of new antipsychotic medications

Which of the following is NOT an objective of the Mental Health Commission of Canada?

To provide funding for antipsychotic medication research (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for eugenics laws being introduced in North America?

To improve the genetic pool of society (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders was traditionally known as "Dementia Praecox"?

Schizophrenia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the science of heredity, which studies how traits are passed from parents to offspring?

Genetics (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to mood disorders and eating disorders when present in excess or deficiency?

Norepinephrine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the hindbrain?

Midbrain (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the largest part of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions like language, memory, and reasoning?

Cerebrum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of heritable and acquired changes in gene expression, without altering the underlying DNA sequence?

Epigenetics (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a neuron?

Synapse (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the molecular structure of the genome, comprising four organic compounds: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine?

DNA (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Alzheimer's Disease when present in reduced levels?

Acetylcholine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a part of the peripheral nervous system?

Somatic nervous system (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Limbic System?

Pons (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

Regulating sleep, attention, and states of arousal (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement?

Somatic Nervous System (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?

Parasympathetic Nervous System (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for connecting the two hemispheres of the brain?

Corpus Callosum (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which part of the mind operates on the 'pleasure principle'?

Id (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pioneer of behaviourism?

Sigmund Freud (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'Ego', according to Freud?

Balancing the demands of the Id and Superego (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key component of the biopsychosocial model?

Neurological (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the role of irrational beliefs in contributing to negative emotions and maladaptive behavior?

Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concept associated with humanistic psychology?

Self-Actualization (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of emotion-focused therapy, as developed by Leslie Greenberg?

Understanding and managing emotions adaptively (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the downward drift hypothesis?

Mental illness is primarily caused by biological factors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the interactionist perspective on abnormal behavior?

It recognizes the influence of multiple factors from different domains. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concept associated with the work of Aaron Beck?

Cognitive Errors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the recovery model in mental health?

Promoting individual empowerment and personal growth (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key concept associated with operant conditioning, as described by B.F. Skinner?

Conditioned Stimulus (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concept associated with the work of Albert Bandura?

Modeling (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying belief of the "humors" theory as described in the text?

Mental imbalances are caused by an excess or deficiency of bodily fluids. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices was NOT used to treat mental illness during the medieval period?

Lobotomy (D) Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions the "Malleus Maleficarum". What was it and what was its role in understanding mental illness?

A book on demonology, claiming that mental illness was caused by evil spirits. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the "moral therapy" movement in the history of mental health?

To provide humane treatment for people with mental illness. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a controversial procedure used to manage mental illness?

Moral Therapy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the underlying belief of the medieval approach to understanding mental illness?

Mental illness was a result of demons or spirits. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the historical development of asylums?

Asylums were initially used to separate people with mental illness but later became more humane. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main message conveyed by the text's description of the "Inglorious history of mental illness"?

The history of mental illness is full of misjudgments and attempts to control undesirable individuals (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what percentage of Canadians are estimated to experience a psychological disorder in their lifetime?

33% (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion used to define abnormal behaviour, as described in the text?

Does the behaviour cause physical distress? (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the "Historical Perspectives" section?

The understanding of mental illness has evolved over time, with various models influencing treatment approaches. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The term 'trephining' refers to:

A practice involving the removal of a small section of the skull. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that abnormal behaviour is:

A continuum, with no clear-cut line between normal and abnormal. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors does the text suggest is relevant when considering whether a behaviour is abnormal?

The context in which the behaviour occurs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for studying abnormal psychology?

To understand, describe, and ultimately help those experiencing psychological difficulties. (B) Signup and view all the answers

The provided text states that abnormal behavior affects:

Virtually everyone in one way or another (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Abnormal Psychology

Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies abnormal behavior, its causes, and treatments.
Abnormal psychology is a multifaceted field encompassing people from all walks of life.
Understanding abnormal psychology is crucial because it concerns virtually everyone in some way or another.
Approximately 33% of Canadians will experience a psychological disorder in their lifetime.

Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to describe and identify the criteria for abnormal behaviors.
Students will be able to discuss historical viewpoints on abnormal behaviors.
Students will grasp the role of environment and biology on abnormal behavior.
Students will be able to apply behavior models to abnormal behaviors.
Students will be able to define and use key terms in the subject.

Defining Abnormal Behavior

Unusual behavior varies in different contexts and cultures.
Behavior that violates social norms is considered abnormal.
Examples of factors to consider to define abnormal behavior include:
- Is the behavior unusual?
- Does the behavior violate social norms?
- Does the behavior involve a faulty interpretation of reality?
- Does the behavior cause personal distress?
- Is the behavior maladaptive?
- Is the behavior dangerous to the person or others?
Cultural context plays a critical role in defining behaviors as abnormal.
Behavior considered normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal in another.

Historical Perspectives

Demonological Model: Mental illness was linked in ancient times to outside forces, like demons or spirits that possessed the body. Treatment often involved harsh practices like trephining.
Medical Model: The work of Hippocrates and his "four humors" (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm) provided an early attempt to explain mental illnesses biologically. Imbalances of these bodily fluids influenced a person's temperament and could lead to specific illnesses.
Medieval Times: Mental illness was often attributed to demonic possession making exorcism a prevalent treatment.
Witchcraft: Historical beliefs sometimes associated mental illnesses with mystical or magical influences, such as witchcraft.
Asylums: Early forms of institutions that were purported to be a solution for mental illness marked a recognition of mental health issues yet created societal disruption and were often dehumanizing to those subjected to them.
Institutions/Sanatoriums: Institutions created to house and contain those with mental illnesses were popular, often seen as a way to isolate those deemed undesirable.
Reform Movement (Moral Therapy): Shift to humane and therapeutic approaches. Advocates for care in more holistic and less restrictive environments.
Inglorious History: Prior to modern psychiatric medicine, many questionable and dehumanizing practices were used to manage mental illness. Examples include lobotomies, ice-water immersion, electrocution, and eugenics-based practices.
The Community Mental Health Movement: A response to deinstitutionalization. Large numbers of hospitalized people were discharged into the community.
Mental Health Commission of Canada(MHCC): Formed in 2007 with the goal of developing a national strategy, reducing stigma, creating centers for knowledge exchange, and supporting research related to mental health.

Contemporary Perspectives

Biological Perspective: Focuses on biological factors in mental illness. Early examples include exploring the role of specific brain chemicals like neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin); the structure and function of the nervous system and related processes.
Psychological Perspective: Emphasizes the mental functions of individuals and how they influence behavior and experience. Includes Freud's psychodynamic ideas, plus behaviorist and humanistic viewpoints (e.g., self-actualization; unconditional positive regard). In modern times, cognitive-behavioral perspectives are central.
Sociocultural Perspective: Focuses on the impact of societal factors on mental wellness, such as poverty, discrimination, and other social issues on psychological well-being of individuals. Discusses the issues caused by lack of appropriate care for those experiencing mental illnesses, including difficulties with homelessness and access.
Interactionist Perspective: Recognizes the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in shaping abnormal behavior. This includes a discussion on the diathesis-stress model and biopsychosocial model.

Outcomes Revisited

Students will be able to identify and describe the criteria for judging abnormal behaviors.
Students will be familiar with historical perspectives on abnormal behavior .
Students will understand the factors involved in behavior.

What's Next

The following chapter will cover assessment, classification, and treatment of abnormal behavior.
The subsequent chapter will specifically focus on anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma-related disorders.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, particularly focusing on mental health, deinstitutionalization, and the history of eugenics. This quiz covers important terminology and historical developments that shape our understanding of mental health today.