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Operant conditioning

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Questions and Answers

Who is the author of law of effect?

Edward thorndike

What is Skinner’s perspective on how behaviour is explained?

Internal factors like emotions and beliefs cannot explain behaviour but instead were actively chosen by the organism

What is shaping?

Rewarding approximations of desired behaviour

What are the 4 elements identified in the law of effect?

Environment, the behaviour, change in the environment following the behaviour, change in the behaviour produced by this consequence Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

Taking away something unpleasant Signup and view all the answers

What is Primary reinforcer?

Naturally satisfying reinforcers because it is not learned Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary reinforcer?

Value is acquired through experience Signup and view all the answers

What is positive punishment?

Adding something unpleasant to decrease the likelihood of an undesired behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What is negative punishment?

Taking away something pleasant Signup and view all the answers

What is generalization?

Learning something in one situation and applying it to other situations Signup and view all the answers

What is contingency?

Degree of correlation between a behaviour and its consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is contiguity?

The gap in time between a behaviour and its reinforcing Signup and view all the answers

How does reinforcer characteristic affect operant learning?

A large reinforcer is usually more effective than a small one in terms of size, magnitude, strength. Signup and view all the answers

How does behaviour characteristics affect operant conditioning?

Behaviour that depends on smooth muscles and glands is harder to reinforce than behaviour that depends on skeletal muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of motivation operation?

Establishing and abolishing Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous reinforcement?

Behaviour is reinforced everytime it occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is fixed ratio?

Behaviour is reinforced after occurring a set number of times Signup and view all the answers

What is variable ratio?

Reinforcement of behaviour occurs at unpredictable number of times. Signup and view all the answers

What is fixed interval?

Rewarding behaviour after fixed amount of time passes Signup and view all the answers

What is variable interval?

Reward is given after varied amount of time passes. Signup and view all the answers

What is immediate vs delayed reinforcement?

Waiting for a delayed but more valuable reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

What is immediate vs delayed punishment?

An immediate punishment is more effective than a delayed one Signup and view all the answers

What is immediate reinforcement vs delayed punishment?

Having immediate consequences is more effective than a delayed one to provide better connection to the behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What is applied behaviour analysis or behaviour modification?

Using operant conditioning to change a behaviour Signup and view all the answers