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Questions and Answers
What is natural selection?
What is natural selection?
- The theory that all species are static and do not change over time.
- The process by which individuals best adapted to their environment are those that survive and reproduce. (correct)
- The process by which all individuals of a species survive equally.
- The idea that behavior is entirely dictated by genetic factors.
Adaptive behavior helps an organism to thrive in its environment.
Adaptive behavior helps an organism to thrive in its environment.
True (A)
What does evolutionary psychology emphasize?
What does evolutionary psychology emphasize?
Adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest.
The nucleus of each cell contains __________.
The nucleus of each cell contains __________.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Which of the following best expresses the nature-nurture debate?
Which of the following best expresses the nature-nurture debate?
Biological capacities determine cultural diversity.
Biological capacities determine cultural diversity.
What begins human life?
What begins human life?
What is the primary focus of the epigenetic view of development?
What is the primary focus of the epigenetic view of development?
The germinal period occurs from two to eight weeks after conception.
The germinal period occurs from two to eight weeks after conception.
What process is referred to as organogenesis?
What process is referred to as organogenesis?
The attachment of the multicellular organism to the uterine wall occurs during the ______ period.
The attachment of the multicellular organism to the uterine wall occurs during the ______ period.
Match the following developmental stages with their time frame:
Match the following developmental stages with their time frame:
What is a key aspect of the gene x environment (G x E) interaction?
What is a key aspect of the gene x environment (G x E) interaction?
Prenatal care is not necessary for healthy prenatal development.
Prenatal care is not necessary for healthy prenatal development.
What are two examples of hazards to prenatal development?
What are two examples of hazards to prenatal development?
Which condition is characterized by joint swelling, heart, and kidney failure?
Which condition is characterized by joint swelling, heart, and kidney failure?
Behavior genetics focuses only on environmental influences.
Behavior genetics focuses only on environmental influences.
What term refers to a child's ability to seek out environments that are stimulating and compatible?
What term refers to a child's ability to seek out environments that are stimulating and compatible?
Passive genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents provide a ________ environment for the child.
Passive genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents provide a ________ environment for the child.
Match the following conditions to their descriptions:
Match the following conditions to their descriptions:
Which of the following is an example of evocative genotype-environment correlations?
Which of the following is an example of evocative genotype-environment correlations?
What is the primary focus of behavior genetics?
What is the primary focus of behavior genetics?
Adoption studies show that adopted children are typically more like their adoptive parents.
Adoption studies show that adopted children are typically more like their adoptive parents.
What is the duration of the prenatal period from conception until birth?
What is the duration of the prenatal period from conception until birth?
Chorionic villus sampling is a non-invasive prenatal test.
Chorionic villus sampling is a non-invasive prenatal test.
Define teratogen.
Define teratogen.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) occur in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during __________.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) occur in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during __________.
Match the following prenatal tests with their descriptions:
Match the following prenatal tests with their descriptions:
Which of the following is NOT a classification of hazards to prenatal development?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of hazards to prenatal development?
In vitro fertilization (IVF) combines eggs and sperm outside the woman's body.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) combines eggs and sperm outside the woman's body.
What is the typical definition of infertility?
What is the typical definition of infertility?
What is the focus of prenatal care?
What is the focus of prenatal care?
The second stage of childbirth occurs after the placenta is expelled.
The second stage of childbirth occurs after the placenta is expelled.
What are doulas known for?
What are doulas known for?
The hormone _______________ is used to stimulate contractions during labor.
The hormone _______________ is used to stimulate contractions during labor.
Match the stage of childbirth with its description:
Match the stage of childbirth with its description:
What common conditions are screened during prenatal visits?
What common conditions are screened during prenatal visits?
What can low birth weight and preterm infants lead to?
What can low birth weight and preterm infants lead to?
All childbirth settings and attendants are the same across cultures.
All childbirth settings and attendants are the same across cultures.
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Study Notes
The Evolutionary Perspective
- Natural selection promotes survival and reproduction among the best-adapted individuals of a species.
- Adaptive behavior enhances an organism's chance of survival in its natural environment.
- Evolutionary psychology focuses on adaptation, reproduction, and the concept of "survival of the fittest" as fundamental to shaping behavior.
- Emotional and behavioral traits have emerged with underlying biological potentialities, not strictly dictated by genetics.
Genetic Foundations of Development
- Human life initiates from a single cell, with the nucleus containing chromosomes.
- Gene-linked abnormalities can lead to conditions such as cystic fibrosis, diabetes, hemophilia, Huntington disease, spina bifida, and Tay-Sachs disease.
Heredity and Environment: Nature vs Nurture Debate
- Behavior genetics aims to understand how heredity and environment contribute to human traits and development.
- Twin studies compare behavioral similarities of identical and fraternal twins to assess genetic influence.
- Adoption studies examine whether adopted children reflect traits of biological or adoptive parents.
Heredity-Environment Correlations
- Passive genotype-environment correlation: Biological parents provide a nurturing environment for their genetically related child.
- Evocative genotype-environment correlation: Children's traits trigger specific environmental reactions.
- Active or niche-picking genotype-environment correlation: Children seek environments that align with their personal strengths and abilities.
Epigenetic View and Gene x Environment Interaction
- Development results from a continuous interplay between heredity and environment, highlighting the bidirectional nature of influence.
- Gene x environment interaction refers to how specific genetic variations correlate with particular environmental factors.
Prenatal Development
- Germinal period lasts from conception to two weeks, leading to zygote formation and attachment to the uterine wall.
- Embryonic period, occurring from two to eight weeks post-conception, focuses on intense cell differentiation and organogenesis.
- Fetal period extends from two months after conception to birth, characterized by significant growth and development.
Prenatal Tests and Reproductive Technology
- Common prenatal tests include ultrasound sonography, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, maternal blood screening, fetal MRI, and noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD).
- Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse, often addressed through technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Hazards to Prenatal Development
- Teratogens are agents capable of causing birth defects, impacting cognitive and behavioral outcomes.
- Psychoactive drugs such as caffeine, alcohol (leading to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders), nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin pose significant risks during pregnancy.
- Other risks include incompatible blood types, environmental hazards, maternal diseases, age, nutrition, and stress levels.
Prenatal Care
- Prenatal care varies among women, typically involving scheduled medical visits to monitor manageable conditions and treat diseases affecting mother and baby.
- Educational, social, and nutritional support services are often included.
Birth and Postpartum Period
- The birth process occurs in three stages: dilation of the cervix, delivery of the baby, and expulsion of the placenta.
- Childbirth assistance varies across cultures, including midwives and doulas who provide support before, during, and after delivery.
- Medication options for childbirth include analgesia for pain relief, anesthesia for blocking sensations, and oxytocin to induce contractions.
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