Psychology Chapter: Evolution and Genetics
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Questions and Answers

What is natural selection?

  • The theory that all species are static and do not change over time.
  • The process by which individuals best adapted to their environment are those that survive and reproduce. (correct)
  • The process by which all individuals of a species survive equally.
  • The idea that behavior is entirely dictated by genetic factors.

    • Adaptive behavior helps an organism to thrive in its environment.

    True

    What does evolutionary psychology emphasize?

    Adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest.

    The nucleus of each cell contains __________.

    <p>chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Adaptive behavior = Promotes survival in the natural habitat Natural selection = Evolutionary process for survival and reproduction Evolutionary psychology = Focus on adaptation and behavior shaping Genetic foundations = Basis of biological inheritance and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best expresses the nature-nurture debate?

    <p>The argument about whether behavior is solely determined by genetics or environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biological capacities determine cultural diversity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What begins human life?

    <p>A single cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the epigenetic view of development?

    <p>Development results from a bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The germinal period occurs from two to eight weeks after conception.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is referred to as organogenesis?

    <p>The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The attachment of the multicellular organism to the uterine wall occurs during the ______ period.

    <p>germinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental stages with their time frame:

    <p>Germinal period = First two weeks after conception Embryonic period = Two to eight weeks after conception Fetal period = Eight weeks after conception until birth Organogenesis = First two months of prenatal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the gene x environment (G x E) interaction?

    <p>It is the result of specific measured variation in both DNA and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prenatal care is not necessary for healthy prenatal development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of hazards to prenatal development?

    <p>Substance abuse and exposure to environmental toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by joint swelling, heart, and kidney failure?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior genetics focuses only on environmental influences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a child's ability to seek out environments that are stimulating and compatible?

    <p>Niche-picking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents provide a ________ environment for the child.

    <p>rearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions to their descriptions:

    <p>Cystic fibrosis = A genetic disorder affecting the lungs and digestive system Tay-Sachs disease = A fatal genetic disorder that leads to progressive deterioration of nerve cells Huntington disease = A hereditary condition that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain Spina bifida = A birth defect that occurs when the spine does not close properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of evocative genotype-environment correlations?

    <p>A child with an artistic talent being exposed to art classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of behavior genetics?

    <p>The influence of heredity and environment on individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adoption studies show that adopted children are typically more like their adoptive parents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the prenatal period from conception until birth?

    <p>Seven months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chorionic villus sampling is a non-invasive prenatal test.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define teratogen.

    <p>Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) occur in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during __________.

    <p>pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following prenatal tests with their descriptions:

    <p>Ultrasound sonography = Uses sound waves to create images of the fetus Amniocentesis = Involves sampling the amniotic fluid Maternal blood screening = Tests the mother's blood for genetic conditions Fetal MRI = Provides detailed imaging of the fetus using magnetic fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classification of hazards to prenatal development?

    <p>Genetic modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vitro fertilization (IVF) combines eggs and sperm outside the woman's body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical definition of infertility?

    <p>Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of prenatal care?

    <p>Medical care and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second stage of childbirth occurs after the placenta is expelled.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are doulas known for?

    <p>Providing continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone _______________ is used to stimulate contractions during labor.

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stage of childbirth with its description:

    <p>First stage = Longest stage with uterine contractions Second stage = Baby moves through the cervix Third stage = Afterbirth is expelled Postpartum = Recovery period after childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common conditions are screened during prenatal visits?

    <p>Manageable conditions and treatable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can low birth weight and preterm infants lead to?

    <p>Increased health risks and complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All childbirth settings and attendants are the same across cultures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Evolutionary Perspective

    • Natural selection promotes survival and reproduction among the best-adapted individuals of a species.
    • Adaptive behavior enhances an organism's chance of survival in its natural environment.
    • Evolutionary psychology focuses on adaptation, reproduction, and the concept of "survival of the fittest" as fundamental to shaping behavior.
    • Emotional and behavioral traits have emerged with underlying biological potentialities, not strictly dictated by genetics.

    Genetic Foundations of Development

    • Human life initiates from a single cell, with the nucleus containing chromosomes.
    • Gene-linked abnormalities can lead to conditions such as cystic fibrosis, diabetes, hemophilia, Huntington disease, spina bifida, and Tay-Sachs disease.

    Heredity and Environment: Nature vs Nurture Debate

    • Behavior genetics aims to understand how heredity and environment contribute to human traits and development.
    • Twin studies compare behavioral similarities of identical and fraternal twins to assess genetic influence.
    • Adoption studies examine whether adopted children reflect traits of biological or adoptive parents.

    Heredity-Environment Correlations

    • Passive genotype-environment correlation: Biological parents provide a nurturing environment for their genetically related child.
    • Evocative genotype-environment correlation: Children's traits trigger specific environmental reactions.
    • Active or niche-picking genotype-environment correlation: Children seek environments that align with their personal strengths and abilities.

    Epigenetic View and Gene x Environment Interaction

    • Development results from a continuous interplay between heredity and environment, highlighting the bidirectional nature of influence.
    • Gene x environment interaction refers to how specific genetic variations correlate with particular environmental factors.

    Prenatal Development

    • Germinal period lasts from conception to two weeks, leading to zygote formation and attachment to the uterine wall.
    • Embryonic period, occurring from two to eight weeks post-conception, focuses on intense cell differentiation and organogenesis.
    • Fetal period extends from two months after conception to birth, characterized by significant growth and development.

    Prenatal Tests and Reproductive Technology

    • Common prenatal tests include ultrasound sonography, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, maternal blood screening, fetal MRI, and noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD).
    • Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse, often addressed through technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF).

    Hazards to Prenatal Development

    • Teratogens are agents capable of causing birth defects, impacting cognitive and behavioral outcomes.
    • Psychoactive drugs such as caffeine, alcohol (leading to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders), nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin pose significant risks during pregnancy.
    • Other risks include incompatible blood types, environmental hazards, maternal diseases, age, nutrition, and stress levels.

    Prenatal Care

    • Prenatal care varies among women, typically involving scheduled medical visits to monitor manageable conditions and treat diseases affecting mother and baby.
    • Educational, social, and nutritional support services are often included.

    Birth and Postpartum Period

    • The birth process occurs in three stages: dilation of the cervix, delivery of the baby, and expulsion of the placenta.
    • Childbirth assistance varies across cultures, including midwives and doulas who provide support before, during, and after delivery.
    • Medication options for childbirth include analgesia for pain relief, anesthesia for blocking sensations, and oxytocin to induce contractions.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of evolutionary psychology, genetic foundations of development, and the nature vs nurture debate. This quiz covers natural selection, adaptive behaviors, gene-linked abnormalities, and the impact of heredity and environment on traits. Test your understanding of these crucial psychological principles!

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