Psychology Chapter 9 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of intelligence is defined as the ability to apply knowledge about emotions in daily life?

Emotional Intelligence (correct)

Fluid Intelligence

Crystallized Intelligence

Social Intelligence

Who developed the first widely used intelligence test?

Alfred Binet (correct)

David Wechsler

Robert Sternberg

Lewis Terman

What does the Stanford-Binet IQ test primarily measure?

Physical age

Emotional regulation skills

Mental age and chronological age (correct)

Problem-solving ability

What is the main focus of Robert Sternberg's definition of intelligence?

Purposive adaptation to real-world environments Signup and view all the answers

What type of encoding involves using sound cues to aid memory?

Acoustic encoding Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to compute a person's IQ in the Stanford-Binet test?

Mental Age divided by Chronological Age times 100 Signup and view all the answers

Which rehearsal technique involves repeating items without linking them to meaning?

Maintenance rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence test was first developed specifically for adults?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mnemonics like the pegword system?

To create mental associations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?

Struggling to recall a new phone number due to an old one Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT part of Emotional Intelligence as defined in the content?

Analytical reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic device uses visual imagery linked to locations?

Method of loci Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Crystallized Intelligence?

It is based on accumulated knowledge and experience. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily affected by the presence of distractions during learning?

Attention Signup and view all the answers

What kind of practice involves spreading learning sessions over time?

Distributed practice Signup and view all the answers

Which type of encoding is primarily associated with the meaning of words?

Semantic encoding Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'displacement' in language refer to?

The use of words as symbols for objects or ideas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the learning theory of language acquisition?

It solely relies on imitation and reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes telegraphic speech in language development?

Formation of sentences with only two words Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia involves the inability to recall events prior to a concussive episode?

Retrograde Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

What does the linguistic-relativity hypothesis suggest?

Language shapes how we perceive and understand reality. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for converting short-term memories into long-term memories?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes overregulation in language acquisition?

Children apply regular grammatical rules to irregular forms. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of infantile amnesia?

Inability to recall events from infancy, typically before age 5 Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a stage in the language development of infants?

Complex sentence formation Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia results in the loss of ability to recollect new memories after a traumatic event?

Anterograde Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

How is language viewed in relation to cognition?

Thinking does not require language. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes behaviorism as a learning theory?

It focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes selective amnesia?

Inability to remember events related to certain issues or individuals Signup and view all the answers

What defines dementia in relation to intellectual function?

Significant impairment in everyday life due to intellectual decline Signup and view all the answers

How long can short-term memory typically last?

A few seconds to several hours Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory allows recognition of potential obstacles in the surroundings without conscious thought?

Sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is responsible for holding information for very brief periods?

Sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory involves storing personally experienced events?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes someone with extraordinary memory abilities who often uses special techniques?

Mnemonist Signup and view all the answers

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, which type of memory holds information for longer durations than short-term but is not necessarily permanent?

Secondary memory Signup and view all the answers

Which level of processing framework suggests that deeper levels of encoding increase retrieval probability?

Levels of processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity range of short-term memory according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

7 to 9 items Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the type of memory that influences behavior unconsciously?

Implicit memory Signup and view all the answers

What severe loss of explicit memory is commonly referred to as?

Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

What does an unconditioned stimulus naturally cause?

A particular response Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what effect does positive reinforcement have on behavior?

It strengthens the behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a conditioned stimulus?

A neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

What does negative reinforcement involve in operant conditioning?

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen behavior Signup and view all the answers

What was demonstrated by the Little Albert Experiment?

Classical conditioning in humans Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about unconditioned responses is true?

They occur naturally in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What role does a neutral stimulus play in classical conditioning?

It becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of operant conditioning?

Conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Thinking, Intelligence, Learning & Memory

Thinking is paying attention to information, representing it mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgments and decisions about it. It's a conscious, planned attempt to make sense of and change the world.
Cognition involves concepts, propositions, mental images and cognitive schemas.
Concepts group objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities with common properties; making information manageable for quicker decisions.
A prototype is a representative example of a concept such as Benjamin Lee Whorf's idea on language shaping cognition and perception.
A proposition is a unit of meaning made up of concepts expressing a single idea.
Cognitive schema is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about a topic or aspect of the world.
Mental images are mental representations resembling the thing they represent.
Subconscious process involves mental activity outside of conscious awareness, but accessible if necessary.
Nonconscious process is mental activity outside and unavailable to conscious awareness.
Implicit learning is acquiring knowledge without being aware of how you learned it; inability to explain what one has learned.
Mindlessness is mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness to the current context, hindering recognition of changes needing different behavioral response.
Reasoning is the purposeful mental activity of working on information to create conclusions and inferences based on observations, facts, or assumptions.
Problem-solving involves defining a problem, determining the cause, prioritizing, selecting and implementing solutions. Successful understanding requires three features: related elements in the mental representation, correspondence to outer world elements, and availability of background knowledge. Expertise, mental sets and insight affect problem-solving. Expertise, mental sets, for example, can make the process easier but might mislead if inappropriately applied.
An algorithm is a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when correctly applied.
Deductive reasoning creates a conclusion based on true premises where the conclusion must be true. Inductive reasoning creates supporting premises for a conclusion, but the conclusion could still be false.
Dialectical Thinking is a process where opposing facts and ideas are weighed to determine the best solution or resolve differences.
Heuristics are rules of thumb that suggest action or guide problem-solving but do not guarantee an optimal solution; helpful but potentially flawed. Representative heuristic involves judgments on populations; availability heuristic involves recent or easily recalled information, anchoring heuristic is focusing on particular information, affect heuristic involves consulting emotions instead of probabilities; avoiding loss, fairness bias, hindsight bias, confirmation bias, framing bias, and overconfidence are all mental barriers to reasoning ability.
The need for cognitive consistency means justifying a previously made decision or action. Post-decision dissonance occurs when you believe you made an incorrect decision. Justification of effort is the tendency of individuals to like something they've worked hard or suffered to achieve.
Biases are useful in some situations but can lead to poor decisions; Most people understand that other’s have biases but assume their own views are unbiased, the 'bias blind spot'.
Intelligence is a general mental capability involving reasoning, planning, problem-solving, abstract thought, comprehension, learning quickly, and learning from experiences.
Theories of Intelligence include general intelligence, primary mental abilities, multiple intelligences, and the triarchic approach to intelligence.
General intelligence (g factor suggests a general cognitive ability that can be numerically measured.)
Primary mental abilities refer to separate intellectual abilities like associative memory, numerical ability, perceptual speed, and reasoning.
Multiple intelligence refers to different types of abilities like verbal, logical, interpersonal or musical intelligence.
The triarchic approach examines analytical intelligence (mental steps to solve problems), creative intelligence (using experience in innovative ways), and practical intelligence (adapting to contexts).
Fluid intelligence refers to global capacity for reasoning, capacity to learn new information, and abstract thinking. Crystallized intelligence involves prior knowledge and past experiences.
Emotional intelligence refers to applying knowledge of emotions to everyday life, including self-emotion management, motivation, and empathy.
Intelligence testing includes various tests like Binet-Simon scale, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Culture-free intelligence tests use nonverbal questions to avoid biases associated with cultural experience.
Memory is a dynamic process involving storing, retaining, and retrieving information from past experiences. Three operations are enoding (transforming sensory data), storing (keeping encoded information), and retrieving (using information)
Memory tasks include recall (serial, free, cued), and recognition. Explicit memory encompasses declarative and episodic tasks; implicit memory/procedural knowledge is unconscious memory;
Memory structures include primary, which temporarily stores info, and secondary, which permanently stores info.
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model describes memory structures. Sensory memory quickly goes away. Short-term memory holds items before they transfer to long-term memory. Long-term memory is a lasting store. Levels of processing framework emphasizes memory not residing in separate places but along a continuum of processing; deeper processing results in increased retrieval probability

Memory, and Other Brain Structures

The cerebral cortex handles short and long-term memory.
The prefrontal cortex deals with short-lived sensory memory.
The hippocampus helps move information from short- to long-term memory and stores it.
Factors affecting memory storage and retrieval include attention, rehearsal, interference, encoding type (visual, acoustic, semantic)
Memory processes involve selective attention, presence of distractors as well as maintenance or elaborative rehearsal strategies during retrieval. Processes also include mnemonic devices.

Mnemonic Devices

Categorical Clustering – group things into categories for remembering
Interactive Images – using images to connect ideas and words to help remembering
Pegword System - linking items to be remembered with associated numbers
Method of Loci – visualizing an area to link information items to, such as landmarks and paths.
Acrostic – using the first letter or first few letters of a keyword or set of words to help remembering as one word.
Keyword system - creating a mental image associating the sound and meaning of a foreign word with the sound and meaning of a familiar word.

Forgetting

Forgetting is loss of retention and/or retrieval of previously learned material. Interference is when competing info causes forgetting.
Retroactive interference occurs when later learning disrupts earlier learning.
Proactive interference occurs when earlier learning disrupts later learning.
Other types of deficient memories involve amnesia, infantile amnesia, selective amnesia, Alzheimer's disease and dementia.

Factors Affecting Information Storage, Retrieval

Encoding (visual, acoustic, semantic) and consolidation are important in organizing and storing information.
Attention and presence of distractors affect our short-term memory.
Rehearsal (overt, covert, distributed, massed, elaborative, maintenance) assists in memory recall.
Different mnemonic devices enable memory acquisition; effective recall depends on how the information is organized during process.

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Description

Test your knowledge of intelligence theories and memory concepts with this quiz based on Psychology Chapter 9. Explore key definitions, theories, and types of intelligence, including Emotional Intelligence and the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Challenge your understanding of encoding, rehearsal techniques, and mnemonic devices.