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What is the phenomenon of past actions leading to positive outcomes that tend to be repeated, whereas past actions that led to negative outcomes will diminish?
What is the phenomenon of past actions leading to positive outcomes that tend to be repeated, whereas past actions that led to negative outcomes will diminish?
Law of Effect
What is a theory that proposes that behaviour is a function of consequences?
What is a theory that proposes that behaviour is a function of consequences?
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement theory is another term for operant conditioning.
Reinforcement theory is another term for operant conditioning.
True (A)
What are things that increase or decrease a certain behavior?
What are things that increase or decrease a certain behavior?
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What are the two main types of reinforcement schedules?
What are the two main types of reinforcement schedules?
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Which of these is a specified amount of time or number of responses?
Which of these is a specified amount of time or number of responses?
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Which of these is a variation in the timing of reinforcement?
Which of these is a variation in the timing of reinforcement?
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What are programs that apply reinforcement theory in organizations?
What are programs that apply reinforcement theory in organizations?
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What is the systematic planning in OB mod, examining antecedents, behaviors, and consequences?
What is the systematic planning in OB mod, examining antecedents, behaviors, and consequences?
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What extends operant conditioning to consider the fact that people can learn from watching other people succeed or fail?
What extends operant conditioning to consider the fact that people can learn from watching other people succeed or fail?
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What is learning from watching others?
What is learning from watching others?
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What is when someone works on a task because they find it interesting and gains satisfaction from the task itself?
What is when someone works on a task because they find it interesting and gains satisfaction from the task itself?
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What involves the performance → outcome instrumentality between the task and a tangible reward?
What involves the performance → outcome instrumentality between the task and a tangible reward?
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How does the understanding that innovation occurs in phases, and intrinsic motivation may be more important during the idea-generation phases relate to extrinsic motivation?
How does the understanding that innovation occurs in phases, and intrinsic motivation may be more important during the idea-generation phases relate to extrinsic motivation?
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What is the core concept of self-determination theory?
What is the core concept of self-determination theory?
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Besides self-determination theory, what is cognitive evaluation theory also known as?
Besides self-determination theory, what is cognitive evaluation theory also known as?
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How do pay rates differ across individuals?
How do pay rates differ across individuals?
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What is the perceived unfairness of how pay is distributed?
What is the perceived unfairness of how pay is distributed?
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What is the input from several sources included to provide a more comprehensive view of an employee's performance?
What is the input from several sources included to provide a more comprehensive view of an employee's performance?
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What is a vertical scale that rates specific examples of performance?
What is a vertical scale that rates specific examples of performance?
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What is the error that occurs when raters tend to give ratings that center in the middle of a scale?
What is the error that occurs when raters tend to give ratings that center in the middle of a scale?
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Profit-sharing plans are based upon reaching a financial target such as return on assts or net income.
Profit-sharing plans are based upon reaching a financial target such as return on assts or net income.
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Stock options are a variation of profit sharing where employees are given stock options as part of their compensation package.
Stock options are a variation of profit sharing where employees are given stock options as part of their compensation package.
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Gain-sharing plans are compensation tied to unit-level performance.
Gain-sharing plans are compensation tied to unit-level performance.
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Flexible working hours may be informal, where a supervisor is flexible regarding an employee's need to pick up children from school.
Flexible working hours may be informal, where a supervisor is flexible regarding an employee's need to pick up children from school.
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What is it called when two part-time employees jointly do a full-time job, sharing the remuneration?
What is it called when two part-time employees jointly do a full-time job, sharing the remuneration?
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What is also known as telecommuting or working from home-or anywhere?
What is also known as telecommuting or working from home-or anywhere?
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What are leaves taken from work to "recharge one's batteries" or take care if family responsibilities?
What are leaves taken from work to "recharge one's batteries" or take care if family responsibilities?
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What is an individual's general level of proactive activity with respect to obtaining feedback from the work environment?
What is an individual's general level of proactive activity with respect to obtaining feedback from the work environment?
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What is the application of reinforcement theory in organizational behavior?
What is the application of reinforcement theory in organizational behavior?
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What is the process of observing others' successes or failures?
What is the process of observing others' successes or failures?
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Intrinsic motivation is satisfaction from the task itself.
Intrinsic motivation is satisfaction from the task itself.
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Extrinsic motivation is rewards tied to outcomes.
Extrinsic motivation is rewards tied to outcomes.
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Performance management is essential for the determination of compensation and other outcomes such as promotion.
Performance management is essential for the determination of compensation and other outcomes such as promotion.
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Forced ranking is a common practice that fires the bottom 10% of the workforce annually?
Forced ranking is a common practice that fires the bottom 10% of the workforce annually?
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Money is an effective motivator to increase performance, but also drives structured performance systems.
Money is an effective motivator to increase performance, but also drives structured performance systems.
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Performance management should align employee strengths/weaknesses with organizational goals, ensure equity and fairness in promotions and compensation.
Performance management should align employee strengths/weaknesses with organizational goals, ensure equity and fairness in promotions and compensation.
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Behavorally Anchored Rating Scales are specific performance examples to reduce rating bias.
Behavorally Anchored Rating Scales are specific performance examples to reduce rating bias.
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Feedback seeking is vital for continuous improvement and self-regulation in the work environment.
Feedback seeking is vital for continuous improvement and self-regulation in the work environment.
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Study Notes
Chapter 9: Motivation Applications
-
Reinforcement Theory: Behavior is shaped by its consequences.
- Positive reinforcement: Increases behavior (favorable outcomes).
- Negative reinforcement: Increases behavior (removal of unfavorable outcomes).
- Punishment: Decreases behavior (unfavorable stimulus).
- Application (e.g., reprimands).
- Removal (e.g., withholding praise).
- Schedules of Reinforcement:
- Fixed interval: Consistent time intervals.
- Variable interval: Variable time intervals.
- Fixed ratio: Consistent number of responses.
- Variable ratio: Variable number of responses.
Social Learning Theory
- Extends reinforcement theory by emphasizing observational learning.
- Observing others’ behaviors (successes or failures) prompts learning.
- Steps in Modeling Process:
- Attention: Noticing behavior.
- Retention: Remembering the behavior.
- Reproduction: Imitating the behavior.
- Motivation: The desire to imitate.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Rewards
- Intrinsic Motivation: Driven by interest or satisfaction from the task itself.
-
Extrinsic Motivation: Driven by external rewards (e.g. pay, promotions).
- Can undermine intrinsic motivation if perceived as controlling.
Self-Determination Theory
- Autonomy: Independence in task execution.
- Competence: Mastery of job roles.
Role of Money in Motivation
-
Advantages:
- Drives performance,
- Structures systems (e.g., profit-sharing),
- Enhances team alignment.
-
Disadvantages:
- Risk of unethical practices,
- Perceived pay inequities.
- Pay dispersion issues:
- Horizontal (peers): Less impactful if performance-based.
- Vertical (levels): Can harm morale if perceived as unjust.
Performance Management
-
Purpose:
- Align employee strengths/weaknesses with organizational goals.
- Ensure equity and fairness in promotions/compensation.
-
Tools:
- 360-degree appraisals (input from various sources),
- Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS).
Feedback Seeking
-
Patterns:
- Frequency: How often feedback is sought.
- Method: How feedback is sought (e.g. observing, comparing).
- Timing: When feedback is sought.
- Target: Whom the feedback is sought from.
- Topic: What the feedback is regarding.
- Motives: To improve image, learn from mistakes/success.
Practical Application
- OB Mod: Using systematic reinforcement to shape workplace behavior.
- ABC Analysis: Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences.
Problems With Performance Reviews
-
Employee Concerns:
- Unfair processes,
- Favoritism,
- Perceived punitiveness
- Perceptual Errors: Primacy, recency, availability, contrast, halo.
- Central Tendency Error: Ratings consistently average.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of reinforcement theory and social learning theory in this quiz. Test your understanding of how behavior is influenced by its consequences and the role of observational learning. Dive into schedules of reinforcement and the modeling process of learning.
