Questions and Answers
Describe the three types of dependent variables.
Self-report, Behavioral, Physiological.
Which sampling method is used when it is important to accurately describe the population?
What is the significance of determining the sample size in research?
Larger samples provide more accurate estimates of population values.
What does it mean to manipulate the independent variable?
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What is the purpose of providing informed consent to participants?
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Which type of manipulation involves presenting written, verbal, or visual material?
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What is a strong manipulation?
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What factor must researchers consider regarding the cost of manipulation?
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What are ceiling and floor effects?
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What does the ceiling effect imply about the independent variable's impact?
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What is the effect of a floor effect on performance measurement?
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Study Notes
Dependent Variables
- Three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.
Selecting Research Participants
- Probability sampling: Essential for accurately describing a population, maintains randomness.
- Nonprobability sampling: Used for detecting causal relationships rather than describing populations; based on the researcher's judgment, not random.
- Sampling methods must ensure external validity for generalization to different populations.
Sample Size Determination
- Larger samples yield more accurate estimates of population values, enhancing reliability of results.
Manipulating the Independent Variable
- Operational definitions are crucial to convert conceptual variables into actionable instructions and stimuli for participants.
- Experimenters change conditions to observe potential causal effects.
Setting the Stage for Research
- Participants must receive essential information for informed consent, often including a rationale for the study; typically, the true hypothesis is not revealed.
Types of Manipulations
- Straightforward manipulations: Simple adjustments using written, verbal, or visual material. These include instructions and various stimulus presentations.
- Staged manipulations: Events are orchestrated to elicit psychological states or simulate real-world situations. Commonly used to provoke specific emotional responses from participants.
Strength of the Manipulation
- Strong manipulations create significant differences between participant groups, increasing the likelihood of detecting statistically significant effects.
Cost Considerations of Manipulation
- Financial limitations may affect the complexity of manipulations. Simpler presentations (written or verbal) are less costly than elaborate staged setups.
- Individual participant run scenarios require more time and resources compared to group settings.
Sensitivity of the Dependent Variable
- Sensitivity affected by ceiling and floor effects, impacting the ability to measure true differences.
Ceiling Effect
- Occurs when a dependent variable reaches maximum performance level, rendering the independent variable ineffective. For example, using overly easy math questions to assess intelligence can invalidate results.
Floor Effect
- Happens when a task's difficulty prevents participants from performing adequately, leading to an inability to detect differences. This can occur in sensitive measures, like suicide risk, where responses may be sparse.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 9 with these flashcards. This quiz covers dependent variables and various sampling methods for research participants. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding in preparation for exams.
